{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:53:59Z","timestamp":1782921239135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eminium rauwolffii (Blume) Schott var. rauwolffii is a member of the Araceae a large and mainly tropical family distributed worldwide. The Eminium species are utilized for various purposes including therapeutic uses in traditional medicine and as food. To analyze the antioxidant properties of water extract of E. rauwolffii (WEER) and ethanol extract of E. rauwolffii (EEER), 2,2\u2019-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS\u2022+) radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) free radical scavenging, Fe3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) and Cu2+ reducing assays were studied. Antioxidant activities and reducing properties of both extracts were compared to standard antioxidants: BHT, BHA, \u03b1-Tocopherol, and Trolox. The IC50 values of EEER for radical scavenging were higher than those of standard antioxidants (25.35 \u00b1 1.42 \u03bcg\/mL for ABTS\u2022+ and 106.80 \u00b1 1.88 \u03bcg\/mL for DPPH\u2022). The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities in WEER and EEER were measured in the range of 189.78 \u00b1 0.01 to 298.54 \u00b1 0.01 mg GAE\/g and 89.37 \u00b1 0.01 to 178.95 \u00b1 0.01 mg QE\/g, respectively. The IC50 values for EEER and WEER against \u03b1-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and II) enzymes were 10.79 \u00b1 5.61 to 13.18 \u00b1 5.77, 36.14 \u00b1 4.61 to 62.63 \u00b1 1.67, 69.37 \u00b1 7.36 to 37.48 \u00b1 0.27, 81.30 \u00b1 5.95 to 62.35 \u00b1 8.03, and 29.34 \u00b1 1.38 to 115.90 \u00b1 3.3 \u00b5g\/mL respectively. The antioxidant activity and enzymes inhibitory capacity of WEER were close, and comparable to the capacity demonstrated by the standards. The amount of sixteen compounds was identified from EEER. Numerous phytochemicals, including cynaroside, p-coumaric acid, cosmosiin, caffeic acid, and quinic acid, were quantitatively determined using the LC-MS\/MS method. This clearly indicates that phenolic- and flavonoid-rich E. rauwolffii may have potential in the management of glaucoma, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, diabetes, cardiovascular, and cancer disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15091311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:28:23Z","timestamp":1777040903000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antioxidant Properties and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Eminium rauwolffii: LC-MS\/MS-Based Polyphenolic Profiling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6912-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Karage\u00e7ili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veysel","family":"Tahiroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sirnak University, 73100 Sirnak, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"Yerlikaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4090-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Abdullah","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbak\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Fidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130lhami","family":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Rectorate of Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100 Agri, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7212\/karaelmasfen.794287","article-title":"Determination of fatty acid composition of seed and tuber oils of Eminium rauwolffii (Blume) Schott var. rauwolffii","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Karaelmas Sci. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.18016\/ksutarimdoga.vi.532511","article-title":"Anatomical and morphological aspects of the taxa belonging to Eminium (Blume) Schott (Araceae Juss.) family, which shows natural distribution in \u015eanl\u0131urfa region","volume":"22","author":"Akan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Nat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babacan, E.Y., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Gevrenova, R., Bouyahya, A., Balos, M.M., Cakilcioglu, U., Sinan, K.I., and Zengin, G. (2023). Orbitrap mass spectrometry-based profiling of secondary metabolites in two unexplored Eminium species and bioactivity potential. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12122252"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-023-01572-1","article-title":"Optimization of in vitro micropropagation protocol for Eminium rauwolffii Var. Rauwolffii: An ornamental plant with prominent pharmaceutical value","volume":"70","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"124","article-title":"The revision of the genus eminium of Turkey","volume":"14","author":"Zeynep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201181","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202201181","article-title":"Chemical characterization and multidirectional biological effects of different solvent extracts of Arum elongatum: In vitro and in silico approaches","volume":"20","author":"Mahomoodally","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.124","article-title":"Comprehensive LC-MS\/MS phenolic profiling of Arum elongatum plant and bioaccessibility of phenolics in their infusions","volume":"5","author":"Ozkan","year":"2024","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.26650\/IstanbulJPharm.2022.1066377","article-title":"Mineral and heavy metal concentration of nutritionally and therapeutically valued wild plants: Insights into health effects","volume":"52","author":"Ekin","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u0130stanbul J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"20","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy enhances the efficacy of Asparagus officinalis, Arum elongatum and Urtica dioica extracts in breast cancer treatment","volume":"26","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACU J For. Fac."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-018-9909-y","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of Gypsophila sphaerocephala (Caryophyllaceae) extracts together with their phenolic profiles","volume":"12","author":"Altay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153170","article-title":"The roles of strawberry and honey phytochemicals on human health: A possible clue on the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"86","author":"Battino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133883","article-title":"The synthesis of Schiff bases and new secondary amine derivatives of p-vanillin and evaluation of their neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antidepressant and antioxidant potentials","volume":"1270","author":"Yuldasheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048741x","article-title":"Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method","volume":"52","author":"Apak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22385","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22385","article-title":"Inhibition profiles of voriconazole against acetylcholinesterase, \u03b1-glycosidase, and human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes","volume":"33","author":"Topal","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2024.05.031","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activities and inhibition effects of Tribulus terrestris L. extracts on some metabolic enzymes","volume":"170","author":"Kaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4031508","article-title":"Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of the extracts of Humulus lupulus L. and quantification of bioactive components by LC-MS\/MS and GC-MS","volume":"61","author":"Onder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3114","article-title":"A new specific method for isolation of tomentosin with a high yield from Inula viscosa (L.) and determination of its bioactivities","volume":"33","author":"Aydin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad, A.M., Mohammed, D.M., Alkafaas, S.S., Ghosh, S., Negm, S.H., Salem, H.M., Fahmy, M.A., Semary, H.E., Ibrahim, E.H., and AbuQamar, S.F. (2025). Dietary polyphenols and human health: Sources, biological activities, nutritional and immunological aspects, and bioavailability\u2014A comprehensive review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1653378"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscolo, A., Mariateresa, O., Giulio, T., and Mariateresa, R. (2024). Oxidative stress: The role of antioxidant phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063264"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.11.023","article-title":"Bioactive constituents of Lathyrus czeczottianus and ethyl acetate and water extracts and their biological activities: An endemic plant to Turkey","volume":"143","author":"Ceylan","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, T.C., Gomes, T.M., Pinto, B.A.S., Camara, A.L., and De Andrade Paes, A.M. (2018). Naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and their potential use for Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01192"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., and Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive review on Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Causes and treatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245789"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.07.019","article-title":"Extraction and in vitro screening of potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from the leaves of Panax japonicus","volume":"1061\u20131062","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199819060-00004","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A comparison of tolerability and pharmacology","volume":"19","author":"Nordberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2019.11.010","article-title":"Antibacterial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity capacities of Doronicum macrolepis (FREYN&SINT): An Endemic plant from Turkey","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.11.012","article-title":"The determination of antidiabetic, anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of ethanol and water extracts of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) fruits at different maturity stages","volume":"151","author":"Akyuz","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Wang, P., Zhang, J., Lv, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, M., Liu, G., Wang, X., and Cai, S. (2025). \u03b1-Glucosidase inhibition mechanism and antihyperglycemic effects of flavonoids from Astragali radix and their mixture effects. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050744"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.013","article-title":"Ameliorative impact of Morus alba leaves\u2019 aqueous extract against embryonic ophthalmic tissue malformation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"95","author":"Assiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Supuran, C.T. (2022). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors from marine natural products. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110721"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00278","article-title":"Multiple binding modes of inhibitors to human carbonic anhydrases: An update on the design of isoform-specific modulators of activity","volume":"125","author":"Alterio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70088","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.70088","article-title":"Sulfonamide-bearing pyrazolone derivatives as multitarget therapeutic agents: Design, synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation, in silico ADME\/T profiling and molecular docking study","volume":"13","author":"Lolak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Llorca, A., Carta, F., Supuran, C.T., and Eysteinsson, T. (2024). Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibitors and vascular function. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1338528"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2016.1154534","article-title":"Drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Supuran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Phytochemicals as Multi-target therapeutic agents for oxidative stress-driven pathologies: Mechanisms, synergies, and clinical prospects","volume":"94","author":"Mubeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90991-4","article-title":"Phytochemical variation, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of wild populations of Iranian oak","volume":"15","author":"Shakuri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71259","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71259","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of polyphenolic compounds, sources, extraction, purification and characterization techniques: A focused review","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1934578X241299230","article-title":"Evaluating the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of Eminium spiculatum plant extracts","volume":"19","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2022-0082","article-title":"Exploring phytochemical constituents of Achillea arabica Kotschy. ethanolic flower extract by LC-MS\/MS and its possible antioxidant and antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats","volume":"78","author":"Hanalp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z. Fur Naturforsch. Sect. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13645","article-title":"P-coumaric acid attenuates high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress and nephropathy in diabetic rats","volume":"106","author":"Mani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2405171","article-title":"Fumaric acid per se and in combination with methotrexate arrests inflammation via moderating inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in arthritic rats","volume":"46","author":"Xaviera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, A., Tuberoso, C.I.G., and Jerkovi\u0107, I. (2025). Experimental evidence of caffeic acid\u2019s neuroprotective activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: In vitro, in vivo, and delivery-based insights. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081428"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102287","article-title":"Preparation of carbon quantum dots- quinic acid for drug delivery of gemcitabine to breast cancer cells","volume":"61","author":"Samimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594386","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5594386","article-title":"A Comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds","volume":"2024","author":"Tumilaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.11.065","article-title":"Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC-CUPRAC assay","volume":"120","author":"Karaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.11.016","article-title":"The main and modified CUPRAC methods of antioxidant measurement","volume":"30","author":"Apak","year":"2011","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5970","article-title":"In vitro anticancer, antioxidant and chelating activities of natural organosulfur compounds originated from T\u00fcrkiye: An investigation on breast and colorectal cancer cells","volume":"55","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T., Yan, J., Wang, R., Zhang, L., Hu, X., Xu, J., Li, F., and Sun, Q. (2024). Integrative multiomics profiling unveils the protective function of ulinastatin against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020214"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9913458","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing\/antioxidant power assay","volume":"48","author":"Pulido","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","article-title":"Studies on products of browning reaction. antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine","volume":"44","author":"Oyaizu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badowska-Bartosz, I., and Bartosz, G. (2022). Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of food products: Methods, applications and limitations. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10102031"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.11.043","article-title":"Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms","volume":"100","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2020-0902","article-title":"Methods to evaluate the scavenging activity of antioxidants toward reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"94","author":"Apak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.01.047","article-title":"Measurement of antioxidant activity","volume":"18","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"160","article-title":"Total phenolics, flavonoids, proanthrocyanidins, ascorbic acid contents and in-vitro antioxidant activities of newly developed isolated soya protein","volume":"2","author":"Mitra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Discourse J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-006-0411-0","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts from Brazilian Propolis","volume":"225","author":"Sheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04739","article-title":"Antioxidant activity\/capacity measurement. 1. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays","volume":"64","author":"Apak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"370","article-title":"Evaluation of phenolic substance content and biological activities of Arum elongatum steven extracts","volume":"7","author":"Alan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bitlis Eren \u00dcniv. Fen Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104554","article-title":"Probing 4-(diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde-based thiosemicarbazones as multi-target directed ligands against cholinesterases, carbonic anhydrases and \u03b1-glycosidase enzymes","volume":"107","author":"Hashmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22042","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22042","article-title":"Synthesis and discovery of potent carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and \u03b1-glycosidase enzymes inhibitors: The novel n,n\u2032-bis-cyanomethylamine and alkoxymethylamine derivatives","volume":"32","author":"Taslimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21956","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21956","article-title":"Antidiabetic potential: In vitro inhibition effects of some natural phenolic compounds on \u03b1-glycosidase and \u03b1-amylase enzymes","volume":"31","author":"Taslimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabowska, W., Bijak, M., Szelenberger, R., Gorniak, L., Podogrocki, M., Harmata, P., and Cichon, N. (2025). Acetylcholinesterase as a multifunctional target in amyloid-driven neurodegeneration: From dual-site inhibitors to anti-agregation strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178726"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.10.019","article-title":"Acetylcholine Esterase inhibitors in effluents from oil production platforms in the north sea","volume":"112\u2013113","author":"Holth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101711","article-title":"Assessments of anticholinergic, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Stachys annua","volume":"28","author":"Bursal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2014.999236","article-title":"The impact of hydroquinone on acetylcholine esterase and certain human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I, II, IX, and XII)","volume":"30","author":"Scozzafava","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"22023","article-title":"Structure and function of carbonic anhydrases","volume":"473","author":"Supuran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102931","article-title":"Novel eugenol bearing oxypropanolamines: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic potentials","volume":"88","author":"Kestane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230120","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2023-0120","article-title":"Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects of tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera): A phytochemical screening by LC-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"21","author":"Izol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagecili, H., Y\u0131lmaz, M.A., Ert\u00fcrk, A., Kiziltas, H., G\u00fcven, L., Alwasel, S.H., and Gulcin, \u0130. (2023). Comprehensive metabolite profiling of berdav propolis using LC-MS\/MS: Determination of antioxidant, anticholinergic, antiglaucoma, and antidiabetic effects. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041739"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"585","article-title":"Pomological features, nutritional quality, polyphenol content analysis, and antioxidant properties of domesticated and 3 wild ecotype forms of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.)","volume":"76","author":"Topal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2025.115794","article-title":"Total flavonoid content revised: An overview of past, present, and future determinations in phytochemical analysis","volume":"700","author":"Nicolescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112347","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitative screening of 53 phytochemicals in 33 species of medicinal and aromatic plants: A detailed, robust and comprehensive LC\u2013MS\/MS method validation","volume":"149","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480600798132","article-title":"The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas","volume":"57","author":"Apak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"65","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.)","volume":"32","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.144320","article-title":"Copper(II)-bathocuproine reagent\u2212based dual mode sensing of total antioxidant capacity in food extracts","volume":"483","author":"Bener","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481148","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2025.2481148","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile and bioactive properties of sage (Salvia fruticosa) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extracts","volume":"28","author":"Aslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano, A., Maestre, A.B., Hern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz, J., and Arnao, M.B. (2023). ABTS\/TAC methodology: Main milestones and recent applications. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11010185"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved abts radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahiroglu, V., Karagecili, H., Aslan, K., and Gulcin, \u0130. (2025). Polyphenolic Profiling and evaluation of antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-alzheimer, and antiglaucoma activities of Allium kharputense and Anchusa azurea var. Azurea. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081209"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A New and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2025.109974","article-title":"In-depth analysis of acetylcholinesterase: Recent advances in structure, function and assays","volume":"226","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durmaz, L., Karage\u00e7ili, H., Erturk, A., Ozden, E.M., Taslimi, P., Alwasel, S., and G\u00fcl\u00e7in, \u0130. (2024). Hamamelitannin\u2019s antioxidant effect and its inhibition capability on \u03b1-glycosidase, carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12112341"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2761","article-title":"Rapid screening and identification of \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors from mulberry leaves using enzyme-immobilized magnetic beads coupled with HPLC\/MS and NMR","volume":"27","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karagecili, H., \u0130zol, E., Kire\u00e7ci, E., and Gulcin, \u0130. (2023). Determination of antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antidiabetic, antiglaucoma and antimicrobial effects of zivzik pomegranate (Punica granatum)\u2014A chemical profiling by LC-MS\/MS. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030735"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durmaz, L., Karagecili, H., and Gulcin, \u0130. (2023). Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and \u03b1-glycosidase inhibition effects and antioxidant activity of baicalin hydrate. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112136"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)95800-X","article-title":"Esterase activities of human carbonic anhydrases B and C","volume":"242","author":"Verpoorte","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.05.019","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase activity from the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) liver: The toxicological effects of heavy metals","volume":"36","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-025-00332-x","article-title":"Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in common ophthalmic diseases: A Scoping review from a clinical standpoint","volume":"13","author":"Hallaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/9\/1311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:48:23Z","timestamp":1777042103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/9\/1311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15091311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15091311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]}}}