{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:58:08Z","timestamp":1791043088742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye Scholarship Program","award":["21AZ007982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21AZ007982"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dracocephalum botryoides Stev. (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of the Caucasus region with a history of traditional medicinal use, although the biological properties of its essential oil remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of D. botryoides collected in northern Azerbaijan was evaluated for its chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities. GC\u2013MS analysis revealed a terpene-rich profile, with p-cymene (15.2%), T-cadinol (6.2%), caryophyllene oxide (6.0%), \u03b2-caryophyllene (5.8%), and sabinene (5.1%) as the major constituents. The essential oil showed notable antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, with IC50 values of approximately 60 and 63 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.2% (v\/v) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Higher MIC values were recorded for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 (1.0% v\/v), while the highest MIC value was observed for Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188 (2.5% v\/v). The essential oil also inhibited biofilm formation, and scanning electron microscopy supported these findings by demonstrating reduced biofilm coverage and disrupted biofilm architecture. In vitro assays using HaCaT human keratinocytes indicated low cytotoxicity of the essential oil at concentrations below 100 \u00b5g\/mL. These results suggest that the terpene-rich essential oil of D. botryoides possesses noteworthy antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15091416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:01:39Z","timestamp":1778140899000},"page":"1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activities, and Cytotoxicity of the Essential Oil of Dracocephalum botryoides Stev."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0534-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunay","family":"Jafarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azerbaijan Medical University, AZ1022 Baku, Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4813-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00fcbra Erkan","family":"T\u00fcrkmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Kamil Ozdag Faculty of Science, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1728-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javanshir","family":"Isayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azerbaijan Medical University, AZ1022 Baku, Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilkay Erdogan","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmet","family":"Katircioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4251-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temel","family":"Ozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yunus Emre Campus, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"Erdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Application and Research Center, Central Research Laboratory, Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, 06800 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashchenko, N.I., Jafarova, G.S., Isaev, J.I., Olennikov, D.N., and Chirikova, N.K. 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