{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:10Z","timestamp":1785411370381,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICGEB"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001575385","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Euphorbia clavarioides Boiss. is traditionally used in wound healing and other medicinal applications. Its bioactive compounds and pharmacological potential remain underexplored. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of E. clavarioides Boiss. traditionally used in wound healing. Plant extracts were characterized using phytochemical screening, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity was evaluated via DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays, anti-inflammatory effects through nitrite inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and anticancer potential using the MTT assay against DU-145, PC-3, SKU-T, and AGS cell lines. Phytochemical screening confirmed tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. FTIR spectra of aqueous extracts revealed peaks at 2990.66 cm\u22121 (O\u2013H), 1738.68 cm\u22121 (C=O), 1217.22 cm\u22121 (C\u2013N), and 527.37 cm\u22121 (C\u2013Cl). LC-MS profiling identified diverse metabolites, including phenolics (pseudolaroside B, cinnamtannin A2, (\u2212)-medicarpin, butyrolactol A) and terpenoids (zerumbone, sclareol isomer, diterpenoid-like compounds), underpinning the plant\u2019s bioactivity. Methanol extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 755.71 \u00b5g\/mL), whereas aqueous and ethanol extracts demonstrated superior NO scavenging. Ethanol extracts showed maximal anti-inflammatory activity, while aqueous extracts induced pro-inflammatory effects. Cytotoxicity assays indicated negligible toxicity. In anticancer assays, ethanol and methanol extracts significantly inhibited the proliferation of all tested cell lines at 100 \u00b5g\/mL, exceeding drug control, whereas aqueous extracts displayed lower activity. The bioactive compounds in E. clavarioides support its traditional wound-healing use and demonstrate mechanistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a source of multi-target natural therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15101550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:53:10Z","timestamp":1779191590000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical and Biological Activities of Euphorbia clavarioides Boiss., a Traditional Wound-Healing Plant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khulile","family":"Ngcukana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants, Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siphamandla Qhubekani Njabuliso","family":"Lamula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants, Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0613-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thando","family":"Bhanisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants, Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandisiwe","family":"Maposa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants, Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anathi","family":"Dambuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Wium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Weirner & Beit Building, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliano Domiraci","family":"Paccez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Weirner & Beit Building, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0736-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Weirner & Beit Building, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa V.","family":"Buwa-Komoreng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants, Department of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2022.10.005","article-title":"Harnessing Plant Viruses in the Metagenomics Era: From the Development of Infectious Clones to Applications","volume":"28","author":"Shakir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8820543","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8820543","article-title":"Phytochemicals Analysis, in Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Extracts, and Molecular Docking Studies of the Isolated Compounds from Melhania Zavattarii Cufod Leaves","volume":"2023","author":"Gonfa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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