{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:13:07Z","timestamp":1790626387010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation of Xinjiang Research Institute of Arid Area Agriculture","award":["XJHQNY-2025\u20133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJHQNY-2025\u20133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Winter wheat production in the extremely arid oasis region of Xinjiang relies heavily on irrigation and fertilization, but conventional high-input management can induce luxury transpiration and non-productive water consumption, limiting the coordinated improvement of grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and economic benefits. To identify the threshold at which water\u2013fertilizer inputs shift from efficient use to inefficient water consumption and to define a robust management range, a two-year field experiment was conducted in southern Xinjiang during the 2022\u20132023 and 2023\u20132024 growing seasons. Four irrigation levels, corresponding to 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and four fertilization levels were established to evaluate the effects of water\u2013fertilizer interactions on canopy development, leaf gas exchange, evapotranspiration, yield, WUE, and economic benefits. Appropriate water and nutrient supply promoted canopy establishment and maintained higher photosynthetic capacity, thereby increasing grain yield, WUE, and net return. However, excessive inputs weakened yield gains and failed to synchronously improve WUE and economic benefits. Linear plateau models revealed clear thresholds in both the crop-stand scale evapotranspiration (ET)\u2013dry matter accumulation (DM) relationship and the leaf-scale transpiration rate (Tr)\u2013net photosynthetic rate (Pn) relationship. The seasonal ET thresholds were 504.59 and 553.87 mm in the two growing seasons, respectively, and the Tr threshold was 4.83 mmol m\u22122 s\u22121. Beyond these thresholds, additional water consumption was not effectively converted into photosynthetic assimilation or biomass accumulation, indicating luxury transpiration. Year-specific response surface analysis and TOPSIS evaluation showed that I3F3, namely 100% ETc combined with 210\u2013195\u201375 kg ha\u22121 N\u2013P2O5\u2013K2O, together with its adjacent range, sustained high grain yield, WUE, and economic benefits, with I3F3 achieving the best overall performance in both years. The intersection of the two-year high-performance regions further defined a robust interannual feasible range with an irrigation amount of 506.21\u2013545.09 mm and a total fertilizer input of 369.54\u2013628.33 kg ha\u22121. Overall, maintaining water and fertilizer inputs within the I3F3-adjacent range can reduce non-productive water consumption and luxury transpiration risk while synergistically improving grain yield, WUE, and economic benefits in winter wheat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15111629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1779793371000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimized Irrigation and Fertilization Reduce Luxury Transpiration While Improving GRAIN Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Economic Benefits of Winter Wheat in the Arid Region of Xinjiang"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research 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Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liaoyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Institute of Agriculture in Arid Areas, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Institute of Agriculture in Arid Areas, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Institute of Agriculture in Arid Areas, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Institute of Agriculture in Arid Areas, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Institute of Agriculture in Arid Areas, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fucang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youzhen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Resources and Architectural 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