{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:04:35Z","timestamp":1780484675427,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the extent to which anthropogenic activity shapes vegetation dynamics is a central challenge in palaeoecology. In the Eastern Mediterranean, pollen-based studies have traditionally identified human impact through qualitative interpretations of anthropogenic indicators, particularly within the framework of the Bey\u015fehir Occupation Phase (BOP). However, proxy-based quantitative comparison of anthropogenic signals across multiple sites remains limited. This study compiles pollen datasets from multiple lacustrine records across Anatolia (T\u00fcrkiye) to construct a regional multi-site dataset and evaluates anthropogenic influence using a quantitative BOP period anthropogenic taxa integrated with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The relative representation of pollen indicators enabling the determination of anthropogenic effect was evaluated using a composite pollen index based on Olea, Juglans, Plantago lanceolata-type, Cerealia and Rumex acetosa-type taxa. The results reveal substantial spatial variability in anthropogenic signals, with combined pollen percentages ranging from less than 1% to 16% among lakes. PCA results show clear inter-site differentiation, with the first two components explaining 42.94% and 21.95% of the total variance, respectively. In particular, Olea emerges as the most influential indicator, strongly contributing to the primary ecological gradient. These findings provide a proxy-based quantitative extension of the traditionally qualitative BOP concept and show that selected anthropogenic pollen indicators are spatially heterogeneous across Anatolian lake records. By integrating a composite anthropogenic index with multivariate analysis, this study offers a robust and transferable framework for comparing human\u2013environment interactions across different regions and ecological settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15111689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1780076178000},"page":"1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Anthropogenic Pollen Signals in Anatolian Lake Records During the Bey\u015fehir Occupation Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6197-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"Caner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1244-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclan","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul University, 34000 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"van Zeist, W., and Bottema, S. 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