{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1781056902434,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Key Scientific and Technological Grant for Breeding New Agricultural Varieties of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C02063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan Project of Jiaxing","award":["2024BZ20006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BZ20006"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program Project of Jiaxing","award":["2025CGZ025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CGZ025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High temperature during flowering and grain filling severely reduces rice yield and grain quality. Split potassium (K) fertilization can mitigate such heat-induced damage, yet its mechanisms linking grain filling, endogenous hormones and grain performance remain unclear. Here, a two-year pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of split K application on rice yield, quality and hormonal metabolism under high temperature. Four treatments included ambient temperature with full basal K (AT-K100), high temperature with full basal K (HT-K100), and two split K regimes under high temperature (HT-K70+30, HT-K30+70). Split K application decreased abscisic acid (ABA) levels at 5 days after anthesis (DAA), increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) at 5 DAA, and maintained higher IAA and GA3 levels until 20 DAA. The ratios of ABA\/IAA and ABA\/GA3 were also reduced at both 5 and 20 DAA. These hormonal alterations optimized grain-filling dynamics, prolonged active filling duration and improved middle- and late-stage filling rates, thereby promoting grain weight accumulation and suppressing chalkiness formation. Compared with HT-K100, HT-K70+30 increased yield by 8.75%, which was attributed to improved seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. HT-K30+70 enhanced spikelet number per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight, but significantly decreased effective panicles, resulting in no obvious yield advantage. Furthermore, split K application effectively reduced grain chalkiness, with a more pronounced effect at a higher panicle-stage K proportion. Under ongoing global warming, K management can be tailored to production goals: higher basal K is preferable for yield pursuit, while increasing panicle K topdressing effectively improves grain quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15121781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:58:12Z","timestamp":1781053092000},"page":"1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Split Potassium Fertilization Modulates Endogenous Hormone Homeostasis to Optimize the Grain-Filling Process and Mitigate High-Temperature Damage in Rice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing 314016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing 314016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youfa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing 314016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanze","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoyuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaoyuan 136299, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing 314016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2018.09.009","article-title":"Combined drought and heat stress impact during flowering and grain filling in contrasting rice cultivars grown under field conditions","volume":"229","author":"Lawas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"512","article-title":"Effect of high temperature during heading and early filling on grain yield and physiological characteristics in indica rice","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Agron. 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