{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1785403019198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003664","name":"Korea Forest Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00403260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00403260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00403260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00403260"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bjbww34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016811","name":"National Institute of Forestry Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP0701-2025-01-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP0701-2025-01-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FP0701-2025-01-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP0701-2025-01-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01hyb4h74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distillation is widely used for essential oils extraction, and distillation time (DT) influences the quality and quantity of oils. This study presents the effects of 14 DTs (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 360, and 480 min) on leaf oils from Thuja occidentalis L., aiming to maximise the yield and modulate chemical profiles. Also, a safety assessment of T. occidentalis oils obtained at different DTs was conducted based on thujone levels under International Fragrance Association (IFRA) guidelines. Oil yield varied with DT, reaching a maximum at 40\u201380 min (0.54 \u00b1 0.04% and 0.59 \u00b1 0.02%, respectively). Monoterpenes (sabinene, fenchone, and thujone) decreased with prolonged DT, whereas higher molecular weight compounds, including sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene) and diterpenes (hibaene and rimuene) increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped samples into three stages, early (1\u201310 min), mid (20\u201380 min), and late (120\u2013480 min), with clear compositional separation (PC1: 68.4%, PC2: 11.8%). As DT increased, the fragrance profile progressively shifted from monoterpene-rich characteristics in the early-stage oils to more persistent aromas associated with sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, \u03b1-cadinol, and \u03b1-eudesmol) and diterpenes (hibaene and rimuene) in the late-stage oils. Safety assessment revealed that early-stage oils contained high thujone levels (67.19\u201371.88%), limiting their allowable use. In contrast, prolonged DTs (\u2265200 min) reduced thujone content, increasing permissible usage across multiple IFRA categories. Overall, DT significantly influences the oil yield, chemical composition, and regulatory applicability of T. occidentalis oils, with extended distillation enhancing formulation flexibility in cosmetic and fragrance applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15121885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1781691593000},"page":"1885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Distillation Time on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil from Thuja occidentalis L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chanjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Kyeong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Industrial Materials Division, Forest Products and Industry Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruntu, S., Ciceu, A., Olah, N.K., Don, I., Hermenean, A., and Cotoraci, C. 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