{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:09:26Z","timestamp":1791994166466,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013995","name":"Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["41\u0413\u0423\u042dC18\/101339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41\u0413\u0423\u042dC18\/101339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With increasing constraints on extensive farming\u2014including soil degradation, salinisation and more frequent climatic anomalies\u2014the development of \u2018smart\u2019 agriculture requires the integration of affordable, non-invasive methods for monitoring the physiological state of plants. A key indicator for assessing productivity and the early detection of stress is the rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A); however, widely available commercial gas analysers are characterised by high cost, technical complexity and considerable weight, which limits their use in large-scale field studies. Here, a new handheld system for measuring assimilation was developed and tested, based on the accumulative principle of recording changes in CO2 concentration using simple infrared sensors and without maintaining a constant air flow around the leaf. A comparison was carried out between a prototype of the developed system and a commercial gas analyser when measuring leaf assimilation under irrigation and simulated drought conditions. The results demonstrated the consistency of the readings from the two systems. The developed system is characterised by its compact size, low cost, and the absence of moving parts and consumables. The proposed system has the potential to be effective for large-scale screening tasks and rapid diagnosis of stress-induced changes; it represents a promising, affordable tool for addressing applied tasks in precision agriculture, environmental monitoring and physiological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15121888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:52:37Z","timestamp":1781761957000},"page":"1888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a New Handheld Device for Measuring Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Plant Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0583-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Zbruev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical Software and Supercomputing Technologies, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Baburkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Sukhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Sukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.821185","article-title":"Remote Sensing-Based Global Crop Monitoring: Experiences with China\u2019s CropWatch System","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. 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Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1153731"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/12\/1888\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1781928632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/12\/1888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15121888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15121888","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]}}}