{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:19:06Z","timestamp":1785424746593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG16RFPR002-1.014-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the current study is to determine the nutritional value and the content of the biologically active components in kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.). It is established that the dry biomass contains substantial amounts of proteins and carbohydrates, primarily dietary fiber, while the total oil content is relatively low (below 3.0%). The isolated glyceride oil represents the complete lipid fraction derived from all plant parts (leaves, stems, and flowers). The glyceride oil of A. vulneraria is notable for its high levels of biologically active constituents, particularly sterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids. Palmitic (30.3%) and oleic (11.5%) acids dominate the fatty acid profile; \u03b2-sitosterol, \u03b1-tocotrienol, and \u03b1-tocopherol are the major sterol and tocopherol components, respectively. On the other hand, phosphatidylinositol, together with phosphatidic acids, prevails within the phospholipid fraction. Based on the obtained fatty acid composition, several important ratios were calculated\u2014unsaturated fatty acids (UFA)\/saturated fatty acids (SFA), saturated fatty acids\/monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)\/saturated fatty acids, and n-6\/n-3, providing an integrated assessment of the lipid quality. The PUFA\/SFA value (0.24) suggests relatively high oxidative stability. In contrast, the n-6\/n-3 ratio (0.86) shows a balanced distribution of essential fatty acids, which is associated with favorable nutritional properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15131954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:48:16Z","timestamp":1782366496000},"page":"1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary Study on Nutritional Value and Biologically Active Components of Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Teneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhana","family":"Petkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginka","family":"Antova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Angelova-Romova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elis","family":"Yusein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7840-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Mladenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0717-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donika","family":"Gyuzeleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelia","family":"Bivolarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumen","family":"Mladenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1344-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krasimir","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Plamen","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouerfelli, M., Bettaieb Ben K\u00e2ab, L., and Almajano, M.P. (2018). Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of Anthyllis vulneraria leaves and flowers. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071657"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Delipavlov, D., and Cheshmedzhiev, I. (2003). Key to the Plants of Bulgaria, Academic Press Agricultural University. (In Bulgarian)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kuzmanov, B. (1976). Flora of the People\u2019s Republic of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2008.11.004","article-title":"The Versatility of Algae and Their Lipid Metabolism","volume":"91","author":"Harwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03430.x","article-title":"High-Value Oils from Plants","volume":"54","author":"Dyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000485","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000485","article-title":"Comprehensive Phytochemical Characterization of Herbal Parts from Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.) by LC\/MSn and GC\/MS","volume":"17","author":"Lorenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iova, O.M., Marin, G.E., Vlase, A.M., Achim, M., Muntean, D., Tomu\u021b\u0103, I., and Filip, A.G. (2025). The Effects of Anthyllis vulneraria Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract as an Adjuvant in Wound Healing. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15158388"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"279","article-title":"Evaluation of the Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Legumes and Their Contribution to Diets","volume":"9","author":"Lamce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Approaches Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(94)00733-P","article-title":"Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Content of Some Legume Seeds","volume":"52","author":"Grela","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.124","article-title":"Legumes Are Valuable Sources of Tocopherols","volume":"127","author":"Boschin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2022003","article-title":"Lupinus angustifolius L. Cultivar \u201cBoregine\u201d from South of Bulgaria: A Source of Nutrients and Natural Biologically Active Components","volume":"29","author":"Petkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"OCL"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3989\/pirineos.2006.v161.4","article-title":"Preliminary Data on Nutritional Value of Abundant Species in Supraforestal Pyrenean Pastures","volume":"161","author":"Marinas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pirineos"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elamine, Y., Alaiz, M., Gir\u00f3n-Calle, J., Guin\u00e9, R.P.F., and Vioque, J. (2022). Nutritional Characteristics of the Seed Protein in 23 Mediterranean Legumes. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020400"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119784","article-title":"Bio-Morphological Traits, Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Two Accessions from Sainfoin Seeds","volume":"222","author":"Petkova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedley, C.L. (2001). Carbohydrates in Grain Legume Seeds. Improving Nutritional Quality and Agronomic Characteristics, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994673.0000"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siva, N., Thavarajah, P., Kumar, S., and Thavarajah, D. (2019). Variability in Prebiotic Carbohydrates in Different Market Classes of Chickpea, Common Bean, and Lentil Collected from the American Local Market. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00038"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.01.007","article-title":"Nutritional Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Mung Bean Seeds (Phaseolus aureus) as Affected by Some Home Traditional Processes","volume":"89","author":"Mubarak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oboulbiga, E.B., Douamba, Z., Compaor\u00e9-S\u00e9r\u00e9m\u00e9, D., Sempor\u00e9, J.N., Dabo, R., Semde, Z., Tapsoba, F.W., Hama-Ba, F., Songr\u00e9-Ouattara, L.T., and Parkouda, C. (2023). Physicochemical, potential nutritional, antioxidant and health properties of sesame seed oil: A review. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1127926"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2026, June 22). Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oils, Codex-Stan 210-1999, Revisions 2001, 2003, 2009. Amendment 2005, 2011, p. 16. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/en\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B210-1999%252FCXS_210e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2130","article-title":"Bitter vetch seed oil (Vicia ervilia L.)\u2014A new source of bioactive components","volume":"97","author":"Petkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04397-5","article-title":"Quantitative Data of up to Thirty Sterols in Vegetable Oils and Fats","volume":"250","author":"Schlag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Xue, L., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Qi, X., Jiang, J., Yu, L., Wang, X., Zhang, W., and Zhang, Q. (2019). Phytosterol Contents of Edible Oils and Their Contributions to Estimated Phytosterol Intake in the Chinese Diet. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8080334"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, D.R., Farr, W.E., and Wan, P.J. (2000). Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology, AOCS Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15625\/2525-2518\/16559","article-title":"Study on lipid and phospholipid composition from the seed oil of Dalbergia tonkinensis","volume":"61","author":"Thuy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-016-2845-2","article-title":"Fatty acid profiles of some Fabaceae seed oils","volume":"93","author":"Knothe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gunstone, F.D., and Harwood, J.L. (2007). The Lipids Handbook, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., and Liu, H. (2020). Nutritional Indices for Assessing Fatty Acids: A Mini-Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165695"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3181\/0711-MR-311","article-title":"The Importance of the Omega-6\/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases","volume":"233","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2014). Oilseeds\u2014Determination of Oil Content (Reference Method) (Standard No. ISO 659:2009)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"AOAC\u2014Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2016). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [20th ed.]. Method 976.06."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"FAO (2003). Food Energy\u2014Methods of Analysis and Conversion Factors, FAO. Report of a Technical Workshop, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2014). Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils. Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters\u2014Part 1: Guidelines on Modern Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (Standard No. ISO 12966-1:2014)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2017). Animal and Vegetable Fat and Oils. Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters\u2014Part 2: Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids (Standard No. ISO 12966-2:2017)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2000). Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils. Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter. Method Using Hexane Extraction (Standard No. ISO 18609:2000)."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"177","article-title":"Methode de determination chromatographyque et colorimetrique des phytosterols dans les huiles vegetales et les concentres steroliques","volume":"19","author":"Ivanov","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. Fr. Corps Gras"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2014). Gas Chromatographic MethodAnimal and Vegetable Fats and Oils. Determination of Individual and Total Sterols Contents. (Standard No. ISO 12228-1:2014)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2016). Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils. Determination of Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Contents by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (Standard No. ISO 9936:2016)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Xiao, W. (2006). Analysis of yeast lipids. Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2014). Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils. Determination of Phosphorus Content. Part 1: Colorimetric Method (Standard No. ISO 10540-1:2014)."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/13\/1954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:09:33Z","timestamp":1782536973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/13\/1954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15131954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15131954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}}}