{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:54:24Z","timestamp":1789070064031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Pre-Doctoral fellowships INIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INIA-2022-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INIA-2022-0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how nitrogen form (100\/0 NO3\u2212 vs. 50\/50 NO3\u2212\/NH4+), heat stress (43 \u00b0C), and foliar proline application interact to modulate the growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism of two tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.), \u2018Cherry\u2019 and \u2018Tres Cantos\u2019. Nitrogen-exclusive nutrition optimized biomass accumulation and photosynthetic efficiency. Conversely, mixed nutrition reduced photosynthetic performance but enhanced nitrogen storage and detoxification pathways, as evidenced by a shift in amino acid profiles (decreased glutamate and aspartate alongside increased glutamine and asparagine). Under heat stress, growth declined; however, plants exhibited non-stomatal photosynthetic acclimation. While exogenous proline failed to increase biomass, it significantly enhanced heat tolerance by driving transpiration and evaporative cooling. Cultivar-specific assessments revealed high metabolic plasticity in \u2018Cherry\u2019, whereas \u2018Tres Cantos\u2019 adopted a conservative strategy centered on the accumulation of protective nitrogenous compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15131993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"1993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolic Plasticity Versus Conservative Strategies: How Nitrogen Form and Foliar Proline Modulate Genotypic Heat Stress Responses in Tomato"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7419-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamara Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Agri-Technology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Carmen","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Agri-Technology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gin\u00e9s","family":"Ot\u00e1lora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Agri-Technology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacinta","family":"Collado-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Agri-Technology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitziber Calleja","family":"Satrustegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campues Arrosadia, Public University of Navarre (UPNa), 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idoia","family":"Ariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campues Arrosadia, Public University of Navarre (UPNa), 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2459-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M.","family":"del Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production and Agri-Technology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinela, J., Petropoulos, S.A., and Barros, L. 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