{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:46:28Z","timestamp":1782704788260,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laural (Laurus nobilis) is a Mediterranean plant with reported antibacterial properties, yet the genetic basis of its antibacterial efficacy remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Laurus nobilis methanolic extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, combined with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and machine learning (ML) approaches to identify genetic markers and predict antibacterial efficacy in 92 plant samples. Antibacterial tests revealed significant variability in inhibition zones, with E. coli showing the highest inhibition (Canakkale2: 24.5 mm), followed by S. aureus (Aydin2: 26.0 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis demonstrated notable regional differences; extracts from Mersin3 showed the highest efficacy (MIC = 6.25 mg\/mL), while Aydin1 exhibited the lowest activity (MIC = 100 mg\/mL). Population structure and neighbor joining tree analysis split the germplasm into two groups. GWAS identified significant genetic markers associated with antibacterial traits, including marker 26557159 for EC-MEAN (Escherichia coli-Mean) (p = 1.10 \u00d7 10\u22124, MarkerR2 = 0.1799, genetic variance = 9.41792) and marker 26584774 for BC-MEAN (Bacillus cereus-Mean) (p = 8.89 \u00d7 10\u22125, MarkerR2 = 0.18512, genetic variance = 12.48948). Protein\u2013protein interaction network of loci associated with marker trait association (MTA) marker (26557159) indicated involvement in high-affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity, providing insights into genetic regions influencing antibacterial properties. ML models predicted antibacterial activity with high accuracy. XGBoost achieved the best performance for MIC predictions (R2 = 0.999, RMSE = 0.434), while random forest (R2 = 0.984) demonstrated robust performance for both MIC and disc diffusion assays. LightGBM performed well for MIC prediction (R2 = 0.988) but showed limited accuracy for disc diffusion outcomes (R2 = 0.695). This study is the first to combine GWAS and ML for predicting antibacterial efficacy in L. nobilis, identifying specific genetic markers (e.g., 26557159, 26584774) and demonstrating that XGBoost achieves near-perfect MIC prediction (R2 = 0.999). These findings provide a genomic and computational foundation for marker-assisted breeding of laurel with enhanced antibacterial properties and support the sustainable use of plant-derived anti-microbials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15131997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:16:44Z","timestamp":1782699404000},"page":"1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, Integration of Genome-Wide Association Studies and Machine Learning for Antibacterial Trait Analysis in the Mediterranean Spice Laurel (Laurus nobilis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fah","family":"Karata\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University, Tokat 60250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcnal","family":"Kar\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plants, Republic of T\u00fcrkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Izmir 35661, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Azhar","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Yeni\u015fehir, Mersin 33110, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Sh. Rashidov Samarkand State University, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Agriculture and Agricultural Robots, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Bedir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Tanveer","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Pazar, Rize 53300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Liaqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Pazar, Rize 53300, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmad Ali","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8884-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruziyev","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Sh. Rashidov Samarkand State University, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Federico","family":"Cavagnaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA) Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza, Luj\u00e1n de Cuyo M5534, Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Sh. Rashidov Samarkand State University, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syeid Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Technologies, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7470-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheem Shehzad","family":"Baloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Yeni\u015fehir, Mersin 33110, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry, Sh. Rashidov Samarkand State University, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05491","article-title":"Comparative study on the chemical composition of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves from Greece and Georgia and the antibacterial activity of their essential oil","volume":"6","author":"Stefanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180819666220816115506","article-title":"Survey on medicinal plants and herbs in traditional Iranian medicine with anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammation properties","volume":"20","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lett. Drug Des. 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