{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:47:36Z","timestamp":1785415656351,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00afdp487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genus Epimedium L. comprises a group of perennial herbs widely distributed across East Asia, with five representative species that include Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren, Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Epimedium koreanum Nakai. and Epimedium pubescens Maxim. For centuries, these species have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for their aphrodisiac, anti-osteoporotic and estrogen-like properties in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and menopausal symptoms. The aim of this review is to present an extensive and updated synthesis of the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic properties of these five species by examining the relationship between the phytochemical composition and their pharmacological properties. Phytochemical analyses indicate that Epimedium spp. are defined by their significant content of prenylated flavonol glycosides, including icariin, icaritin, icariside, baohuoside and epimedin A-C. Recent studies have confirmed that these compounds are responsible for the genus\u2019 therapeutic potential. They possess a variety of effects, ranging from aphrodisiac and antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, as well as neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anticancer benefits. Although preclinical findings are increasingly compelling, robust clinical evidence is still lacking for all five species. Taken together, the data summarized here position Epimedium spp. as a valuable source of bioactive prenylated flavonoids, while underscoring that standardized methodologies and rigorous clinical trials are essential to translate this potential into validated therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:40:09Z","timestamp":1783525209000},"page":"2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Overview of the Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential of Epimedium spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ariana-Simina","family":"Fri\u0219","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytotherapy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Centre of Medical and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Lazarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana Gabriela","family":"Stana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department I, Discipline of Anatomy and Embryology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Folescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Zinuca","family":"Magyari-Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytotherapy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Centre of Medical and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Danciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytotherapy, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research and Processing Centre of Medical and Aromatic Plants, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekor, M. 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