{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:36:12Z","timestamp":1785429372802,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32241042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32241042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32241042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32241042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shanxi Province","award":["202101140601027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101140601027"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory","award":["202204010910001-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202204010910001-34"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory","award":["202304010930003-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202304010930003-04"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory","award":["202404010930003-J14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404010930003-J14"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory","award":["202504010920003-1-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202504010920003-1-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is an important food crop worldwide and serves as a model for studying C4 photosynthesis and drought resistance. However, its application in functional genomics and molecular breeding has been severely constrained by the absence of a reliable genetic transformation system. In this study, 66 varieties were systematically evaluated for embryogenic callus induction capacity, with rates ranging from 0 to 70.22%. Among these, five varieties exhibited high embryogenic potential (&gt;50%). Jingu51, an elite cultivated variety in northern China, was selected as the transformation recipient due to its rapid embryogenic response and high induction frequency. Optimization of culture conditions revealed that Murashige &amp; Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g\u00b7L\u22121 sucrose, 3 g\u00b7L\u22121 phytagel, 1 mg\u00b7L\u22121 CuSO4, and 1 mg\u00b7L\u22121 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid combined with 0.5 mg\u00b7L\u22121 6-benzylamino purine was optimal for embryogenic callus induction. Key parameters of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, including 100 \u03bcM acetosyringone concentration, callus pretreatment (heat shock, followed by ice bath), bacterial density (OD600 = 0.3), and cocultivation temperature (19 \u00b0C), were optimized. Under these conditions, a robust genetic transformation system was successfully established, yielding an average efficiency of 9.25% by PCR across multiple expression vectors; half transgenic event exhibited single copy. Notably, the genetic transformation system of Jingu51, an elite variety of foxtail millet, provided a robust platform for functional genomics research and accelerated molecular breeding efforts in this important crop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"2159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Embryogenic Callus Induction and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of the Elite Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) Variety Jingu51"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8477-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan-Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Jiao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ying","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Shan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen-Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Hou Ji Laboratory, College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2195","article-title":"Genome Sequence of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Provides Insights into Grass Evolution and Biofuel Potential","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2017.1290103","article-title":"Foxtail Millet: Properties, Processing, Health Benefits, and Uses","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.07.003","article-title":"Multi-Omics Analyses of 398 Foxtail Millet Accessions Reveal Genomic Regions Associated with Domestication, Metabolite Traits, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-0747-7","article-title":"A Mini Foxtail Millet with an Arabidopsis-like Life Cycle as a C4 Model System","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FASE-2014011","article-title":"Initiation of Setaria as a Model Plant","volume":"1","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Agric. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Wu, Y., Ma, L., Guo, Y., and Ran, Y. (2021). Efficient Genome Editing in Setaria italica Using CRISPR\/Cas9 and Base Editors. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.815946"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"16466","article-title":"Culturing of Immature Inflorescences and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14447-0","article-title":"Functional Characterization of the PHT1 Family Transporters of Foxtail Millet with Development of a Novel Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Procedure","volume":"7","author":"Ceasar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-019-02505-y","article-title":"An Improved Protocol for Efficient Transformation and Regeneration of Setaria italica","volume":"39","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-019-02507-w","article-title":"An Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation Method for Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)","volume":"39","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-012-9997-8","article-title":"Enhanced Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Efficiencies in Monocot Cells Is Associated with Attenuated Defense Responses","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1965.tb06994.x","article-title":"Studies on the Growth Requirements and Growth Measurements of Cell Cultures of Haplopappus Gracilis","volume":"18","author":"Eriksson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(99)80292-2","article-title":"Stimulatory Effect of Copper on Plant Regeneration in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"154","author":"Chand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00032962","article-title":"Effect of Copper on Shoot and Root Regeneration in Wheat, Triticale, Rape and Tobacco Tissue Cultures","volume":"35","author":"Purnhauser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07075","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nitrate and Growth Regulators to Enhance Anther Culture Response in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-025-00729-4","article-title":"Effects of Citric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Overcoming Medium Browning during Micropropagation of Phalaenopsis \u2018Univivace\u2019","volume":"66","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00124","article-title":"Morphogenic Regulators Baby Boom and Wuschel Improve Monocot Transformation","volume":"28","author":"Lowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01085-8","article-title":"The Gene TaWOX5 Overcomes Genotype Dependency in Wheat Genetic Transformation","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D.Q., Van Eck, J., Eamens, A.L., and Grof, C.P.L. (2020). Robust and Reproducible Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation System of the C4 Genetic Model Species Setaria viridis. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00281"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1079\/IVP2004564","article-title":"Inorganic Nutrient Manipulation for Highly Improved in Vitro Plant Regeneration in Finger Millet\u2014Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn","volume":"40","author":"Kothari","year":"2004","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Printz, B., Lutts, S., Hausman, J.-F., and Sergeant, K. (2016). Copper Trafficking in Plants and Its Implication on Cell Wall Dynamics. Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00601"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/21645698.2021.1917975","article-title":"Exploring Potential of Copper and Silver Nano Particles to Establish Efficient Callogenesis and Regeneration System for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"GM Crops Food"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-004-4516-1","article-title":"Expression of Glutathione-S-Transferase and Its Role in Plant Growth and Development in Vivo and Shoot Morphogenesis in Vitro","volume":"57","author":"Gong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-020-01776-8","article-title":"Stimulatory Effect of Copper and Zinc Sulphate on Plant Regeneration, Glutathione-S-Transferase Analysis and Assessment of Antioxidant Activities in Mucuna pruriens L. (DC)","volume":"141","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miroshnichenko, D., Klementyeva, A., and Dolgov, S. (2021). The Effect of Daminozide, Dark\/Light Schedule and Copper Sulphate in Tissue Culture of Triticum timopheevii. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122620"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erf006","article-title":"Establishment of a Reproducible Tissue Culture System for the Induction of Arabidopsis Somatic Embryos","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20442","article-title":"CsTCP14-CsIAA4 Module-Mediated Repression of Auxin Signaling Regulates Citrus Somatic Embryogenesis","volume":"246","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Agrobacterium Tumefaciens-Mediated Plant Transformation: A Review","volume":"66","author":"Pouresmaeil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2023.12.009","article-title":"Enemies at Peace: Recent Progress in Agrobacterium-Mediated Cereal Transformation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crop J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/327070a0","article-title":"High-Velocity Microprojectiles for Delivering Nucleic Acids into Living Cells","volume":"327","author":"Klein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01295-8","article-title":"Recent Advances in Crop Transformation Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Plant Genetic Transformation: Achievements, Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.6.1498-1504.1996","article-title":"Temperature Affects the T-DNA Transfer Machinery of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens","volume":"178","author":"Fullner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.1997.12061459.x","article-title":"The Effect of Temperature on Agrobacterium Tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer to Plants","volume":"12","author":"Dillen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2011.11.004","article-title":"Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Efficiency Is Altered in a Novel Rice Bacterial Blight Resistance Cultivar and Is Influenced by Environmental Temperature","volume":"77","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-006-9157-4","article-title":"Improved Frequency of Transformation in Rice and Maize by Treatment of Immature Embryos with Centrifugation and Heat Prior to Infection with Agrobacterium Tumefaciens","volume":"87","author":"Hiei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Fu, J., Wang, G., Wang, J., and Liu, Y. (2017). Transcriptome Analysis of Maize Immature Embryos Reveals the Roles of Cysteine in Improving Agrobacterium Infection Efficiency. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01778"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-008-0655-1","article-title":"Efficient, Reproducible Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Sorghum Using Heat Treatment of Immature Embryos","volume":"28","author":"Gurel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu091","article-title":"Heat Shock Protein 90.1 Plays a Role in Agrobacterium-Mediated Plant Transformation","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-007-9228-1","article-title":"Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Using an Improved in Vitro Regeneration System","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-20-9-1048","article-title":"Inhibition of Agrobacterium-Induced Cell Death by Antiapoptotic Gene Expression Leads to Very High Transformation Efficiency of Banana","volume":"20","author":"Khanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4811-7-49","article-title":"An Improved Protocol for Efficient Transformation and Regeneration of Diverse Indica Rice Cultivars","volume":"7","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2023.100738","article-title":"Enhancing Wheat Regeneration and Genetic Transformation through Overexpression of TaLAX1","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01289.x","article-title":"The WUSCHEL Gene Promotes Vegetative-to-Embryonic Transition in Arabidopsis","volume":"30","author":"Zuo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.001941","article-title":"Ectopic Expression of BABY BOOM Triggers a Conversion from Vegetative to Embryonic Growth","volume":"14","author":"Boutilier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804685","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2020.1804685","article-title":"Rice GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 7 Controls Tiller Number by Regulating Strigolactone Synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-023-02980-4","article-title":"GRF-GIF Chimeric Proteins Enhance in Vitro Regeneration and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Efficiencies of Lettuce (Lactuca spp.)","volume":"42","author":"Bull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16575","article-title":"A Rapid and Highly Efficient Sorghum Transformation Strategy Using GRF4-GIF1\/Ternary Vector System","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures","volume":"15","author":"Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"659","article-title":"Establishment of an Efficient Medium for Anther Culture of Rice through Comparative Experiments on the Nitrogen Sources","volume":"18","author":"Chu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Sci. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(68)90403-5","article-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Suspension Cultures of Soybean Root Cells","volume":"50","author":"Gamborg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-017-2169-1","article-title":"Selectable Marker Independent Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred B73 and Sorghum P898012 Mediated by Morphogenic Regulators BABY BOOM and WUSCHEL2","volume":"36","author":"Mookkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0066-1","article-title":"Extraction of High-Quality Genomic DNA from Different Plant Orders Applying a Modified CTAB-Based Method","volume":"43","author":"Oraby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Jia, Y., Cao, Y., and Wang, Y. (2020). Improving T-DNA Transfer to Tamarix Hispida by Adding Chemical Compounds During Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Culture. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.501358"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/14\/2159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:13:37Z","timestamp":1783991617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/14\/2159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15142159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15142159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}}}