{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1790934820924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atriplex halimus is a medicinal plant traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes. This study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and anti-arthritic activities of the A. halimus aqueous extract (AHA). Anti-arthritic effects were investigated in Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats treated with AHA (150 or 300 mg\/kg) for 21 days. AHA significantly reduced paw swelling and arthritis severity and improved body weight, while a non-significant reduction in spleen enlargement was observed. Hematological and biochemical parameters were restored toward normal values, indicating anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. The extract also reduced oxidative stress by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity. Histopathological examination confirmed reduced inflammatory infiltration and protection against bone damage. Phytochemical analysis revealed polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, consistent with its antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and o-phenanthroline assays. AHA also showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting bovine serum albumin denaturation. The extract induced a moderate concentration-dependent reduction in HeLa cell viability without cytotoxicity toward HaCaT cells. Comet assay results demonstrated DNA damage in HeLa cells at higher concentrations, while AHA significantly suppressed zymosan-induced IL-1\u03b2 gene expression. These findings indicate that AHA is a promising natural source of bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T08:04:31Z","timestamp":1784016271000},"page":"2164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, and Anti-Arthritic Activities of Atriplex halimus Aqueous Leaf Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2905-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalil","family":"Kaouane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif-1-University, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Madoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif-1-University, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Kemchache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif-1-University, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"Khither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas Setif-1-University, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Safsaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory, Setif University Hospital, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalida","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ferhat Abbas Setif-1-University, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Ponticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5834-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Dentato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Postiglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chawki","family":"Bensouici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology Research, Ali Mendjli, Nouvelle Ville UV 03, Constantine 25011, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Rigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Sirignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4656-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Maresca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions, University of Rome \u201cLink Campus\u201d, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111489","article-title":"Flavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases","volume":"413","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. 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