{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:57:43Z","timestamp":1785430663127,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32401422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32401422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32401422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32401422"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C2024204133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2024204133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1901303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1901303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address water scarcity, environmental pollution from excessive fertilization, and the need for stable grain yields in the North China Plain (NCP), a 3-year field experiment (2021\u20132024) was conducted to explore the effects of water and nitrogen (N) management under subsurface drip irrigation on winter wheat\u2013summer maize rotation system. This study included three irrigation treatments (irrigated to 80% (D1), 75% (D2), and 70% (D3) of field water-holding capacity (WHC) when soil water content dropped below 65%, 60%, and 55% of WHC, respectively) under N210 and four N application rates (0 (N0), 150 (N150), 210 (N210), and 270 (N270) kg N ha\u22121 for each season) under D1. The results showed that D1 and N210 all significantly improved leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground biomass by reducing chlorophyllase and pheophytinase activities (delaying leaf senescence) and enhancing nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities (promoting N assimilation). Furthermore, compared with D3, D1 increased winter wheat and summer maize yields by 12.7% and 24.3%, respectively, and improved partial factor productivity (PFP) by 14.0\u201346.0%. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modeling confirmed that LAI, biomass, and N-transforming enzyme activities were the key drivers of yield. This study demonstrated that the combination of D1 and N210 treatments were the optimal water and N fertilizer management strategies for achieving water conservation, N reduction, and stable high yields in drip-irrigated rotation systems of the NCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:05:07Z","timestamp":1784163907000},"page":"2171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Crop Yield by Regulating Crop Growth and Nitrogen Transformation Through Water and Nitrogen Management Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1604-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6106-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9569-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-1863-2010","article-title":"Groundwater use for irrigation\u2014A global inventory","volume":"14","author":"Siebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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