{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:34:57Z","timestamp":1787592897132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FONDECYT de Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["11240152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11240152"]}]},{"name":"VitiScience\u2014CIA","award":["250013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shading nets are increasingly used in warm-climate vineyards to mitigate excessive cluster exposure. However, relatively few studies have evaluated their effects on fruit-zone microclimate and berry composition. This single-season field study evaluated the effects of conventional and photoselective shading nets in Cabernet Sauvignon on cluster-zone radiation, thermal conditions, bunch sunburn and powdery mildew percentage, berry maturity, and free amino acid content. Shading treatments significantly modified incident photosynthetically active radiation in the bunch zone, while air-temperature-derived thermal indices were not significantly affected. The conventional black Raschel net produced the greatest reduction in incident radiation, but this reduction was not associated with a decrease in sunburn or powdery mildew severity in bunches. The gray\u2013pearl photoselective net maintained intermediate radiation levels and showed a lower severity of sunburn and powdery mildew, together with higher must pH and lower berry arginine content. The black\u2013white photoselective net reduced berry soluble solids, while the conventional Raschel net increased berry histidine content, indicating that berry maturity and amino acid responses were treatment-dependent. These results provided preliminary field evidence on the effects of shading nets on Cabernet Sauvignon bunch sanitary and berry composition. Therefore, further multi-season and multi-site studies are needed before broader recommendations on shading-net use in warm-climate vineyards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:23:14Z","timestamp":1784193794000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shading Nets Modified Cluster-Zone Radiation, Bunch Sunburn Percentage and Berry Amino Acid Content in Cabernet Sauvignon: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INIA Cauquenes, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Camino a Parral km 4, Cauquenes 3690000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n VitiScience\u2014CIA 250013, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Araya-Alman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo del Secano Interior, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7552-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Romero-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Agricultura Cuantitativa y Ecofisiolog\u00eda (LACE), Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, km 6 Camino Los Niches, Curic\u00f3 3340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3501-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Carrasco-Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Agricultura Cuantitativa y Ecofisiolog\u00eda (LACE), Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, km 6 Camino Los Niches, Curic\u00f3 3340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Verdugo-V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n VitiScience\u2014CIA 250013, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, Santiago 7820436, Chile"},{"name":"INIA Raihuen, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Av. Esperanza s\/n, Estaci\u00f3n Villa Alegre, Villa Alegre 3650000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Chac\u00f3n-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco 4781158, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2023.57.2.7414","article-title":"Effects of Shading Nets as a Form of Adaptation to Climate Change on Grapes Production: A Review","volume":"57","author":"Pallotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambetta, J.M., Holzapfel, B.P., Stoll, M., and Friedel, M. (2021). Sunburn in Grapes: A Review. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.604691"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9729885","DOI":"10.1155\/ajgw\/9729885","article-title":"Shading Nets: A Current Viticultural Strategy to Mitigate the Negative Impacts of Global Warming on Grape and Wine Quality","volume":"2025","author":"Fourment","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2015.49.2.86","article-title":"Effects of Kaolin-Based Particle Film and Fruit Zone Netting on Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevine Physiology and Fruit Quality","volume":"49","author":"Lobos","year":"2015","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marigliano, L.E., Yu, R., Torres, N., Tanner, J.D., Battany, M., and Kurtural, S.K. (2022). Photoselective Shade Films Mitigate Heat Wave Damage by Reducing Anthocyanin and Flavonol Degradation in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Berries. Front. Agron., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2022.898870"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133629","article-title":"The Roles of Different Photoselective Nets in the Targeted Regulation of Metabolite Accumulation, Wine Aroma and Sensory Profiles in Warm Viticulture Regions","volume":"396","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, E., Fucile, M., and Mattii, G.B. (2022). Effects of Kaolin and Shading Net on the Ecophysiology and Berry Composition of Sauvignon Blanc Grapevines. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12040491"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa, G., Villalobos-Soublett, E., Garrido-Salinas, M., and Verdugo-V\u00e1squez, N. (2024). Monofilament Shading Nets Improved Water Use Efficiency on High-Temperature Days in Grapevines Subjected to Hyperarid Conditions. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10020176"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04163","article-title":"Partial Solar Radiation Exclusion with Color Shade Nets Reduces the Degradation of Organic Acids and Flavonoids of Grape Berry (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2005.tb00028.x","article-title":"Implications of Nitrogen Nutrition for Grapes, Fermentation and Wine","volume":"11","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3866","article-title":"Understanding and Managing Nitrogen Nutrition in Grapevine: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Verdenal","year":"2021","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109477","article-title":"An Overview about the Impacts of Agricultural Practices on Grape Nitrogen Composition: Current Research Approaches","volume":"136","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reshef, N., Walbaum, N., Agam, N., and Fait, A. (2017). Sunlight Modulates Fruit Metabolic Profile and Shapes the Spatial Pattern of Compound Accumulation within the Grape Cluster. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00070"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.01.008","article-title":"Cluster Shading Modifies Amino Acids in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Berries in a Genotype- and Tissue-Dependent Manner","volume":"98","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00fcscher, J., Chen, C.C.L., Brillante, L., and Kurtural, S.K. (2020). Mitigating Heat Wave and Exposure Damage to \u201cCabernet Sauvignon\u201d Wine Grape With Partial Shading Under Two Irrigation Amounts. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.579192"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.119234","article-title":"Targeted Metabolomics Analysis for Discriminating Geographical Origin of Chardonnay Grape and Wine at Sub-Regions in China\u2019s Ningxia: Terroir Effect","volume":"235","author":"Yue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"345","article-title":"Climate Trends and Variability in the Chilean Viticultural Production Zones during 1985\u20132015","volume":"57","author":"Orrego","year":"2023","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-07-11-0205","article-title":"Effects of Sunlight Exposure on Grapevine Powdery Mildew Development","volume":"102","author":"Austin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-024-00521-5","article-title":"Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations of Wine Production","volume":"5","author":"Sgubin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Effect of Cluster Position Determined by Vineyard Row Orientation on Grape Flavonoids and Aroma Profiles of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Italian Riesling in the North Foot of Tianshan Mountains","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.06.078","article-title":"Effects of Shading and Insect-Proof Screens on Crop Microclimate and Production: A Review of Recent Advances","volume":"241","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165605","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/165605","article-title":"On the Emissivity and Absorptivity of Plastic Shading Nets under Natural Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Shady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2020.54.2.3100","article-title":"Grapevine Physiological Response to Row Orientation-Induced Spatial Radiation and Microclimate Changes","volume":"54","author":"Tarricone","year":"2020","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2010.10084","article-title":"Effects of Fruit-Zone Leaf Removal, Training Systems, and Irrigation on the Development of Grapevine Powdery Mildew","volume":"62","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa, G., la Fuente, C.P.-D., Reyes, M., Ibacache-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., and Verdugo-V\u00e1squez, N. (2026). Influence of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Harvest Date and Viticultural Bioclimatic Indices in Northern Chile. Horticulturae, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae12060691"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.44.2.239","article-title":"Use of Colored Shade Netting in Horticulture","volume":"44","author":"Stamps","year":"2009","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00085.x","article-title":"Growth Stages of the Grapevine: Phenological Growth Stages of the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. Vinifera)\u2014Codes and Descriptions According to the Extended BBCH Scale","volume":"1","author":"Lorenz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo-V\u00e1squez, N., Ibacache-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa, G. (2025). The Variability and Trend of Harvest Dates of Table and Pisco Grapes in Northern Chile Are Independently Influenced by Bioclimatic Indices. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11040425"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2003.06.001","article-title":"A Multicriteria Climatic Classification System for Grape-Growing Regions Worldwide","volume":"124","author":"Tonietto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2005.689.2","article-title":"Climate Change in the Western United States Grape Growing Regions","volume":"689","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2013.03.018","article-title":"Assessment of an Empirical Spatial Prediction Model of Vine Water Status for Irrigation Management in a Grapevine Field","volume":"124","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambetta, J.M., Romat, V., Schmidtke, L.M., and Holzapfel, B.P. (2021). Secondary Metabolites Coordinately Protect Grapes from Excessive Light and Sunburn Damage during Development. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010042"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Comparative Efficiency and Residue Levels of Spraying Programs against Powdery Mildew in Grape Varieties","volume":"20","author":"Kaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-022-04160-0","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Simple, Selective, and Accurate Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method with Diode Array Detection (RP-HPLC\/DAD) for the Simultaneous Analysis of 18 Free Amino Acids in Topical Formulations","volume":"85","author":"Kahsay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chromatographia"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/14\/2183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:21:32Z","timestamp":1784348492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/14\/2183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15142183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15142183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}