{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:51:45Z","timestamp":1785408705333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-8042-9-072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-8042-9-072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["58-8042-9-072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-8042-9-072"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02d2m2044","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-34263-38472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-34263-38472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIS 430030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 430030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA-ARS NACA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-6066-2-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6066-2-030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of drought during reproductive and boll development stages under elevated CO2 conditions. A pot experiment was conducted in the Soil\u2013Plant\u2013Atmospheric-Research (SPAR) facility using the upland cotton cultivar DP 1646 B2XF grown under control (well-watered; 0.12 m3 H2O m\u22123 soil) and drought (0.09 m3 H2O m\u22123 soil) conditions at ambient (425 ppm; aCO2) and enriched (725 ppm; eCO2) CO2 concentrations. Under drought stress, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased by 35% and 63%, respectively, under aCO2, whereas reductions were less pronounced under eCO2 (20% and 36%). Under drought and aCO2, intrinsic and instantaneous water-use efficiency increased by 74% and 45%, respectively, compared to control. Biomass partitioning shifted under drought, with increased allocation to shoots (55%) and roots (9%) and reduced allocation to reproductive organs (36%), compared to control conditions. Flowers produced under drought had 21% fewer ovules under both CO2 environments, while pollen production remained unaffected. Seed cotton and lint weights were reduced by 19% and 15% under drought, respectively. However, plants grown under eCO2 attained seed cotton and lint weights that were 20% higher than those grown under aCO2, under both control and drought conditions. Drought significantly affected fiber quality, increasing micronaire by 26% and reducing fiber length by 4%, regardless of CO2 level. eCO2-driven alleviation primarily acts through carbon assimilation and yield compensation, with limited capacity to regulate developmental programming and quality formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:32:17Z","timestamp":1784266337000},"page":"2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Partially Alleviates the Impact of Drought Stress on Cotton Growth and Yield"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naflath","family":"Thenveettil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, 117 Dorman Hall, P.O. Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj Kumar Reddy","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, 117 Dorman Hall, P.O. Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna N.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Crop Production Systems Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, 117 Dorman Hall, P.O. Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA UVB Monitoring and Research Program, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kambham Raja","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, 117 Dorman Hall, P.O. Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050718-100455","article-title":"Functional status of xylem through time","volume":"70","author":"Brodersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., Wang, X., Mubeen, I., Kamran, M., Kanwal, I., D\u00edaz, G.A., Abbas, A., Parveen, A., Atiq, M.N., and Alshaya, H. (2021). Phytohormones trigger drought tolerance in crop plants: Outlook and future perspectives. Front. 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