{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:02:11Z","timestamp":1784520131445,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2023-I2M-2-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-I2M-2-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tamarix chinensis Lour. (T. chinensis) is a traditional herb with functions for releasing the exterior to promote the eruption of rashes, among other ailments. However, these function-related pharmacological effects, such as anti-complement, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory, remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the aforementioned effects and the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extract of T. chinensis (TCE). Our results demonstrated that TCE inhibited classical- and lectin-mediated complement activation, reduced intracellular ROS via NADPH oxidase inhibition, and directly scavenged DPPH radicals and superoxide anions. By using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, along with LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and endotoxemia mice, the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying molecular mechanisms of TCE were deeply investigated. In LPS-activated macrophages, it suppressed iNOS, CCL2, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 transcriptionally and translationally. Mechanistically, TCE inhibited NF-\u03baB signaling by blocking I\u03baB\u03b1 phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, as well as suppresses AP-1 signaling by reducing ERK and JNK phosphorylation. In vivo, TCE lowered serum multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines of endotoxemic mice and alleviated lung injury of ALI mice. Collectively, our results demonstrated that TCE possesses anti-complement and anti-oxidative activities and exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting NF-\u03baB and AP-1 signaling. These findings provide scientific evidence for supporting the traditional use of T. chinensis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15142199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1784514728000},"page":"2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Complement, Anti-Oxidative, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Tamarix chinensis Lour."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Muqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/454427a","article-title":"Inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01273-8","article-title":"Emerging role of the cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases: Biologic function, mechanisms and targeted therapy","volume":"31","author":"Mou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. 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