{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:00:07Z","timestamp":1785405607138,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element; however, excessive exposure may cause adverse effects because of its narrow safety margin. This study evaluated the toxicological and genotoxic effects of Se-biofortified broccoli seedlings in male and female Swiss mice. Animals received control or Se-enriched broccoli seedlings orally for 40 days (15, 45, or 70 \u00b5g Se\/kg body weight (BW)). General toxicity (body weight gain), hematological (complete blood count), biochemical (creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and urea), histopathological, and micronucleus evaluations were performed. No significant changes in body weight or hematological parameters were detected. Biochemical alterations were restricted to males, with increased urea (51.90 \u00b1 2.14 mg\/dL) and decreased aspartate aminotransferase (128.4 \u00b1 14.45 U\/L) after 45 \u00b5g Se\/kg BW. The highest Se dose increased spleen (0.60 \u00b1 0.04 g\/100 g BW) and ovary (0.29 \u00b1 0.03 g\/100 g BW) weights in females, decreased liver weight (5.82 \u00b1 0.10 g\/100 g BW), increased testis weight (0.76 \u00b1 0.04 g\/100 g BW) in males, induced renal and splenic histological alterations, and increased micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (0.46 \u00b1 0.04). These findings indicate that 15 \u00b5g Se\/kg BW was the safest dose evaluated. Future studies should investigate Se speciation and sex-dependent toxicological responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15152277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T01:26:23Z","timestamp":1785115583000},"page":"2277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safety Assessment of Selenium-Biofortified Broccoli Seedlings: Insights from Repeated-Dose Toxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bachiega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Esalq\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food, and Metabolism, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelem Mastrodi","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Esalq\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Maia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Investigation on Laboratory Animal Science (CEMIB), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-877, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuany Zambroti","family":"C\u00e2ndido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Oncology and Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L\u00facia Tasca Gois","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-871, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar Sabino","family":"Damazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"name":"Area of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Federal District, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle Barcelo","family":"Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food, and Metabolism, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6901-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ernesto de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-871, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisele Goulart","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9404-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Costa","family":"de Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 7500910, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maressa Caldeira","family":"Morzelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food, and Metabolism, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"},{"name":"National Research Institute of the Pantanal (INPP), Federal University of Mato 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