{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T04:47:17Z","timestamp":1785646037655,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province Forestry Bureau"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province","award":["[2022]044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2022]044"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Science and Technology Support Plan Project","award":["[2021]224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021]224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Petal blight caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora infection in Rhododendron delavayi petals severely reduces their ornamental value; however, the metabolic and transcriptional responses of petals to this pathogen remain unclear. In this study, we integrated widely targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to systematically characterize the response mechanisms of R. delavayi petals at early (1 day post-infection), middle (2 days post-infection), and late (4 days post-infection) stages of N. clavispora infection. A total of 1251 metabolites were identified, and K-means clustering analysis revealed that the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in Subclass 1 were significantly enriched in flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and glutathione metabolic pathways. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3744, 6986, and 5407 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at early, middle and late stages, respectively. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that the key hub genes at early, middle, and late stages were mainly involved in maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, plant\u2013pathogen interaction signal transduction, and cell wall remodeling, respectively. Joint metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis showed that phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and glutathione pathways were commonly and significantly enriched. In vitro antifungal assays demonstrated that 2000 mg\/L phloretin significantly inhibited mycelial growth of N. clavispora and effectively alleviated petal infection. Collectively, R. delavayi petals exhibit stage-specific defense strategies against N. clavispora: in the early stage, by inducing H2O2 accumulation and ROS homeostasis; in the middle stage, by activating immune signaling pathways; and in the late stage, by enhancing cell wall remodeling and antioxidant capacity. This study provides a theoretical basis and a candidate compound for green control of petal blight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15152362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:11:38Z","timestamp":1785492698000},"page":"2362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses of Rhododendron delavayi Petals Infected with Neopestalotiopsis clavispora at Different Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fubao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality in Karst Areas, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fecs.2023.100124","article-title":"Complexity responses of Rhododendron species to climate change in China reveal their urgent need for protection","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. 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