{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T02:28:29Z","timestamp":1786328909524,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04y7eh037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intensive cropping systems often disbalance soil nitrogen (N) cycling due to high mineral fertilization and low organic matter return. We investigated the linkage between soil N transformation and microorganism responses to mineral N fertilization in long-term intensive cropping systems during 2019\u20132022. A three-factor experiment was established on loam soil, including varying mineral N rates (100, 150, 180, 230 kg N ha\u22121), organic fertilizer (0 or 300 kg ha\u22121), and a biological activator (0 or 0.1 L ha\u22121). Higher mineral N rates combined with organic fertilizer and biological activator significantly increased soil organic carbon and enhanced biologically transformed N (NH4+ + NO3\u2212), with the strongest effects observed at N180. Despite increased mineral N inputs, total soil N did not rise, indicating limited long-term N retention. Increasing mineral N inputs reduced total microbial abundance and shifted the community toward bacterial dominance, lowering soil fungi and bacteria ratio and decreasing biological N immobilization. Organic fertilizer inputs counteracted these effects by increasing fungal abundance and improving biological N transformation efficiency. Overall, the study demonstrates that maintaining balanced mineral N inputs together with organic and biological amendments is essential for stable soil N transformation in intensive cropping systems. For sustainable N management, mineral N should not exceed 150 kg N ha\u22121 or 180 kg N ha\u22121, when supplemented with organic fertilizer to avoid soil microbial functioning disturbance and to improve N-use efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mineral Nitrogen Transformation and Microorganism Responses Affected by Organic and Biological Amendment in Intensive Cropping System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Audrius","family":"Jakutis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecosystems and Soil Science, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Student\u0173 Str. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Student\u0173 Str. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2742-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Skuodien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u0117\u017eai\u010diai Branch, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Garg\u017ed\u0173 Str. 29, LT-96216 V\u0117\u017eai\u010diai, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9655-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewald","family":"Sieverding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg Institute), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4789-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virgilijus","family":"Baliuckas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liep\u0173 Str. 1, LT-53101 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4014-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u016brat\u0117","family":"Aleinikovien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecosystems and Soil Science, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Student\u0173 Str. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Lithuania"},{"name":"Bioeconomy Research Institute, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Student\u0173 Str. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859623000254","article-title":"Holistic nutritional management as a tool to mitigate nitrogen pollution from dairy cattle farming","volume":"161","author":"Foskolos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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