{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:33:23Z","timestamp":1786440803262,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAO entitled \u201cTechnical assistance for the strengthening of the food system of quinoa\u201d","award":["TCP\/SFE\/3406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCP\/SFE\/3406"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agriculture is the pillar of Ethiopia\u2019s economy, employing over 80% of the population. However, it remains highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Promoting climate-smart agricultural practices is therefore critical. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a highly nutritious pseudo-cereal with broad adaptability and efficient water use, presents a promising alternative crop for Ethiopia\u2019s diverse agro-ecologies. Its tolerance to drought and salinity makes it an ideal candidate for enhancing food and nutritional security under changing climate conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the GEI for seed yield and yield-related traits and identify the stable and high-yielding genotypes of quinoa across six agro-ecological locations in Ethiopia\u2014Negelle Arsi, Haramaya, Holeta, Kulumsa, Melkassa, and Ziway\u2014representing three agro-climatic classifications (lowland, midland and highland). Thirteen genotypes were studied using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The G \u00d7 E interaction main effect revealed significant GEI effects, particularly for plant height, days to maturity, and grain yield. Among the tested genotypes, \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019, \u2018Salcedo-INIA-Puno-Peru\u2019, and \u2018Multi-Hued\u2019 demonstrated superior performance across multiple environments. Stability analyses were performed using the AMMI, ASV, and GGE biplot approaches. The analyses revealed significant variation among the genotypes for both adaptability and stability. The AMMI results indicated that environmental effects contributed more to yield variability than genotypic or interaction effects. The AMMI model identified four promising genotypes: \u2018Salcedo-INIA-Puno-Peru\u2019, \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019, \u2018Multi-Hued\u2019, and \u2018Bio-bio\u2019. According to the ASV, the most stable genotypes were \u2018Amarilla Sacaca\u2019, \u2018Amarilla Marangan\u00ed\u2019, \u2018Bio-bio\u2019, \u2018Cherry Vanilla\u2019, \u2018Multi-Hued\u2019, and \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019. The GGE biplot identified \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019 and the Holeta location as the most ideal genotype and testing environment, respectively. \u2018Multi-Hued\u2019 and \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019 emerged as the winning genotypes in the only defined mega-environment. Notably, \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019 exhibited a high protein content, ranging from 14.8% at Kulumsa to 17.8% at Melkassa. Overall, \u2018Brightest Brilliant Rainbow\u2019 and \u2018Salcedo-INIA-Puno-Peru\u2019 were identified as high-performing, stable genotypes suitable for cultivation across diverse Ethiopian environments. These findings confirm quinoa\u2019s adaptability to the broader agro-ecologies of Ethiopia and enable selection of stable, widely adapted varieties through the G \u00d7 E interaction and stability analyses using AMMI, ASV, and a GGE biplot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:09:36Z","timestamp":1786435776000},"page":"2436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotype X Environment Interaction and Stability of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.) Genotypes for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Atika","family":"Muhhamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechara Agricultural Research Center, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI), Mechara P.O. Box 81265, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firew","family":"Mekbib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Bazile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR SENS, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"UMR SENS, CIRD, IRD, University Paul Valery Montpellier 3, University Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2650-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cataldo","family":"Pulvento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Food and Plant Sciences, University of Bari (UNIBA), 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berhanu Amsalu","family":"Fenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melkassa Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Adama P.O. Box 436, Ethiopia"},{"name":"College of Agriculture & Environmental Science (CAES), African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Laayoune 70000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2019). World Development Indicators, World Bank. Available online: https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2016). Ethiopia Country Fact Sheet on Food and Agriculture Policy Trends, FAO. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/2a2cffda-b867-4d5a-9f0b-9fa2272adc32\/content."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fundaci\u00f3n PROINPA (2011). Quinoa: An Ancient Crop to Contribute to World Food Security, Fundaci\u00f3n PROINPA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Esp\u00edndola, G. 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