{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1786526892362,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2300103-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2300103-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-04-01A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-04-01A"]}]},{"award":["CARS-04-01A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-04-01A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Training Program","award":["YJSCX2025-Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSCX2025-Z02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinization and alkalization severely threaten global agricultural sustainability. Although N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is well known as an antioxidant in animal research, its effects on plant salt\u2013alkali tolerance and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the regulatory effects of foliar-sprayed NAC on two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars\u2014salt-tolerant HF50 and salt-sensitive HN95\u2014under saline\u2013alkali stress. Exogenous NAC alleviated seedling growth inhibition by supplying cysteine, which elevated glutamate\u2013cysteine ligase (GCL) activity and promoted homoglutathione (hGSH) accumulation. It further strengthened the ascorbic acid (AsA)\u2013glutathione\/homoglutathione ((h)GSH) cycle and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby relieving oxidative injury, while also activating DNA repair pathways to preserve genomic stability and protecting chloroplast and mitochondrial integrity. Notably, distinct genotype- and tissue-specific responses to NAC were detected. HN95 relied primarily on root antioxidant defenses in a strongly concentration-dependent manner, whereas HF50 coordinated antioxidant metabolism and DNA repair more effectively, showing consistent responses to NAC concentrations. These findings elucidate the coordinated physiological and molecular mechanisms by which exogenous NAC mitigates saline\u2013alkali damage in soybean, providing a theoretical foundation for using NAC to enhance crop stress resilience and develop sustainable cultivation techniques for saline\u2013alkali soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:30:32Z","timestamp":1786465832000},"page":"2445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous N-Acetyl-L-cysteine Improves Soybean Saline\u2013Alkali Tolerance by Enhancing the hGSH Pathway to Alleviate Oxidative Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Suyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshuo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6700-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9017-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Soybean Mechanized Production, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"},{"name":"National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.109485","article-title":"Succinic acid synthesis regulated by succinyl-coenzyme A ligase (SUCLA) plays an important role in root response to alkaline salt stress in Leymus chinensis","volume":"220","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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