{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1787027465126,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the well-established bioactivity of Salvia verticillata L. aerial parts, their roots represent an unexplored plant matrix. In this study, root extracts obtained by ethnopharmacological (EE), maceration (ME), and ultrasound-assisted (UE) extraction were examined. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM, CCD) to maximize total phenolic content (TPC) and rosmarinic acid (RA), and the optimized extract was compared with EE and ME. All extracts exhibited high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, while RA was the dominant compound according to HPLC analysis (96.67\u2013137.47 mg g\u22121 d.e.). UE yielded the highest TPC and exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in most of the applied assays. All extracts exhibited concentration-dependent tyrosinase inhibitory activity, with UE and EE showing the strongest effects. Moderate antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive strains, and limited antifungal effects were observed. Strong COX-1 inhibition (&gt;70% at 50 \u03bcg\/mL) confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts, whereas slight COX-2 inhibition was observed. UE exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against A431, SVT2, and HaCaT cells. These findings identify S. verticillata roots as a promising source of rosmarinic acid-rich extracts and point out the importance of the extraction procedure to tailor the biological activity of the extract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"2473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cPurple Rain, Purple Rain\u201d: RSM Optimization and Bioactivity Assessment of Rosmarinic Acid-Rich Salvia verticillata L. Ethanolic Root Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena R.","family":"Mihailovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0216-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola Z.","family":"Sre\u0107kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena S.","family":"Katani\u0107 Stankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Kne\u017eevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria Maria","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant\u2019Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Giustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubinka G.","family":"Joksovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja S.","family":"Krsti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstrasse 8, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstrasse 8, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir B.","family":"Mihailovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovi\u0107a 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.12.047","article-title":"Phytochemical composition of fractions isolated from ten Salvia species by supercritical carbon dioxide and pressurized liquid extraction methods","volume":"224","author":"Pukalskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.09.065","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts from three Salvia species: S. blepharochlaena, S. euphratica var. leiocalycina, and S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca","volume":"111","author":"Zengin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1021\/np0600402","article-title":"Bioactive triterpenoids from Salvia species","volume":"69","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.12.014","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components","volume":"7","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.09.002","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of traditionally used plants on Suva planina mountain (south-eastern Serbia)","volume":"175","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v14i11.9","article-title":"Compositional analysis and antioxidant activity of volatile components of two Salvia spp.","volume":"14","author":"Forouzin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, S., Dzhakova, Z., Staynova, R., and Ivanov, K. (2024). Salvia verticillata (L.)\u2014Biological Activity, Chemical Profile, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070859"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111932","article-title":"Bioactivity, biocompatibility and phytochemical assessment of lilac sage, Salvia verticillata L. (Lamiaceae)\u2014A plant rich in rosmarinic acid","volume":"143","author":"Imbimbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavropoulou, L.S., Efthimiou, I., Giova, L., Manoli, C., Sinou, P.S., Zografidis, A., Lamari, F.N., Vlastos, D., Dailianis, S., and Antonopoulou, M. (2024). Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Cyto-Genotoxic, and Antigenotoxic Potential of Salvia verticillata Hydromethanolic Extract. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13050731"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, H., Luo, W., Bao, B., Cao, Y., Cheng, F., Yu, S., Fan, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., and Shan, M. (2022). A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103292"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00513-7","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid","volume":"62","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of food and natural products: Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications","volume":"34","author":"Chemat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2011.11.001","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) using response surface methodology","volume":"19","author":"Hossain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17168","article-title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Moroccan Retama sphaerocarpa L. Leaves: Simultaneous Optimization by Response Surface Methodology and Characterization by HPLC\/ESI-MS Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fadil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118389","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Salvia deserta Schang flowers based on response surface methodology and deep neural network and analysis of its in vitro antioxidant activities","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irakli, M., Bouloumpasi, E., Christaki, S., Skendi, A., and Chatzopoulou, P. (2023). Modeling and Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Sage (Salvia fruticosa L.) Post-Distillation Residues: Ultrasound- versus Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030549"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2010.11.023","article-title":"Applications of Ultrasound in Food Technology: Processing, Preservation and Extraction","volume":"18","author":"Chemat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.15255\/CABEQ.2015.2168","article-title":"Comparison of Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques on Mass Fraction of Phenolic Compounds from Sage (Salvia officinalis L.)","volume":"29","author":"Dent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brudiu, M.-D., Nicolescu, A., Moro\u0219an, A.G., Urcan, A.C., Vlase, L., Vlase, A.-M., Mocan, A., and Cri\u0219An, G. (2026). Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Reveals Salvia transsylvanica as a Rosmarinic Acid-Rich Endemic Sage with Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050561"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00415-0","article-title":"Polyphenolics of Salvia\u2014A Review","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115841","article-title":"Meadow sage (Salvia pratensis L.): A neglected sage species with valuable phenolic compounds and biological potential","volume":"189","author":"Monti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.93316","article-title":"Comparative Study of Rosmarinic Acid Content in Some Plants of Labiatae Family","volume":"8","author":"Shekarchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.04.038","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs","volume":"105","author":"Czemerys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)02227-9","article-title":"Structure-Antioxidant Activity Relationships of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8139","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1005935","article-title":"Thorough Study of Reactivity of Various Compound Classes toward the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu Reagent","volume":"58","author":"Everette","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0502698","article-title":"Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary Supplements","volume":"53","author":"Prior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2026.145980","article-title":"Synthesis of rosmarinic acid ester derivatives: Tyrosinase inhibitory mechanism, anti-browning application and molecular modeling studies","volume":"1365","author":"Mermer","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres22.1343.10.4.605","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition of different extracts from Salvia officinalis L. leaves","volume":"10","author":"Juee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.11.027","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity of five Salvia taxa from Turkey","volume":"152","author":"Eruygur","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"80","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid as a tyrosinase inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141389","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2141389","article-title":"Screening and characterizing tyrosinase inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza and Carthamus tinctorius by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and molecular docking","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.113113","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Salvia cadmica Boiss. and Their Biological Potential","volume":"160","author":"Owczarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"785","article-title":"Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Salvia verticillata L. Root Extracts","volume":"85","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.4.593-656.2003","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Revisited","volume":"67","author":"Nikaido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115201","article-title":"In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman (Lamiaceae)","volume":"293","author":"Bauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Albanchez, E., Fuente-Gonz\u00e1lez, E., Plokhovska, S., Gutierrez-Ma\u00f1ero, F.J., and Ramos-Solano, B. (2025). Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) Extracts Modified with Pseudomonas shirazensis Nanoparticles. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080931"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.090431","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid Antagonizes Activator Protein-1-Dependent Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Cancer and Nonmalignant Cell Lines","volume":"138","author":"Scheckel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200601113131","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Brazilian species","volume":"45","author":"Brighente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.02.013","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of extracts from leaves and roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, S. przewalskii Maxim., and S. verticillata L.","volume":"99","author":"Matkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","article-title":"Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine","volume":"44","author":"Oyaizu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2129","article-title":"Screening seeds of some Scottish plants for free radical scavenging activity","volume":"21","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohntadavit, K., Duangmano, S., Osiriphan, M., Leksawasdi, N., Techapun, C., Sumonsiri, N., Sommano, S.R., Rachtanapun, P., Nunta, R., and Khemacheewakul, J. (2024). Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Crude Procyanidin Extract from Green Soybean Seed and the Stability of Bioactive Compounds in an Anti-Aging Skin Care Formulation. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11050178"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals","volume":"42","author":"Sarker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2012). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically (Standard No. CLSI M07). Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/m07\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2008). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts (Standard No. CLSI M27-A3). Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/m27\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2008). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi (Standard No. CLSI M38-A2). Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/media\/1455\/m38a2_sample.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13229-9","article-title":"Unveiling the Potential of Pseudococcomyxa simplex: A Stepwise Extraction for Cosmetic Applications","volume":"108","author":"Imbimbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2025.104463","article-title":"A new application of phycoerythrin and sulfated exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium cruentum: Effects on the regulation of lipid metabolism","volume":"93","author":"Giustino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Algal Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:23:13Z","timestamp":1787026993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15162473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15162473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}