{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1787113688295,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program","award":["YLS-2025-ZY02046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLS-2025-ZY02046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Camellia oleifera Abel., an economically significant oil-producing crop widely cultivated in southern China, is renowned for its high-quality edible oil and diverse pharmacological activities. The plant is rich in terpenoids, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which contribute to its health-promoting properties. However, a comprehensive review summarizing the diversity, biological activities, biosynthesis, and regulatory mechanisms of terpenoids in C. oleifera is lacking. This review systematically categorizes terpenoids identified from different parts of C. oleifera, elucidates their structural features, and infers their biosynthetic pathways. The biological activities of terpenoid-rich extracts and individual compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic effects, are discussed. Furthermore, the potential applications of C. oleifera terpenoids in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture are explored. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for future research and utilization of C. oleifera terpenoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:05:41Z","timestamp":1786953941000},"page":"2486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Terpenoids from Camellia oleifera: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4748-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Pu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Lotus Deep Processing and Nutritional Health Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"Oil-Tea Camellia Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil-Tea Camellia Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Youcha, State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Lotus Deep Processing and Nutritional Health Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil-Tea Camellia Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Youcha, State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil-Tea Camellia Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Youcha, State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen-Wen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Lotus Deep Processing and Nutritional Health Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"},{"name":"Oil-Tea Camellia Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c09168","article-title":"Advances in separation, biological properties, and structure-activity relationship of triterpenoids derived from Camellia oleifera Abel","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100753","article-title":"A critical review of the bioactive ingredients and biological functions of camellia oleifera oil","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-005","article-title":"Camellia oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) treatment improves high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2012.03020.x","article-title":"Extraction of saponin from Camellia oleifera cake and evaluation of its antioxidant activity","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2025.114476","article-title":"Isolation and identification of triterpenoid saponins with antiproliferative and hemolytic activities from Camellia oleifera Abel seeds","volume":"235","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.145277","article-title":"Advances in Camellia oleifera seed meal saponins: Extraction, analysis, bioactivity, and application","volume":"492","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104242","article-title":"Recent advances in Camellia oleifera Abel: A review of nutritional constituents, biofunctional properties, and potential industrial applications","volume":"75","author":"Luan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Chen, M., Zheng, T., Tang, Q., and Xu, H. (2023). Metabolomics analysis reveals the accumulation patterns of flavonoids and volatile compounds in Camellia oleifera petals with different color. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217248"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.01.005","article-title":"More is better: The diversity of terpene metabolism in plants","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050312-120116","article-title":"Network analysis of the MVA and MEP pathways for isoprenoid synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Coman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14178","article-title":"Why do plants produce so many terpenoid compounds?","volume":"220","author":"Pichersky","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504798112","article-title":"Orthologs of the archaeal isopentenyl phosphate kinase regulate terpenoid production in plants","volume":"112","author":"Henry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Gu, Y., Zhou, J., Yuan, P., Jiang, N., Wu, Z., and Tan, X. (2022). Whole-genome identification and analysis of multiple gene families reveal candidate genes for theasaponin biosynthesis in Camellia oleifera. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126393"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2024.101619","article-title":"Unraveling the metabolic profile regulation of camellia oilseeds under insect and heat stress: Insights into functional effects and mechanistic basis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, C., He, Z., Peng, J., Wang, R., Wang, X., Fu, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, A., Liu, Z., and Jia, G. (2023). Genomic and genetic advances of oiltea-camellia (Camellia oleifera). Front Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1101766"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00287","article-title":"Structural and chemical biology of terpenoid cyclases","volume":"117","author":"Christianson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108214","article-title":"Recent advances in triterpenoid pathway elucidation and engineering","volume":"68","author":"Dinday","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.18.135","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants","volume":"18","author":"Malhotra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Lin, S., Yan, W., Chen, D., Zeng, Z., Chen, L., Li, Y., and He, B. (2022). Enhanced water solubility and anti-tumor activity of oleanolic acid through chemical structure modification. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113291"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2022.2105687","article-title":"Strategies for modulating transglycosylation activity, substrate specificity, and product polymerization degree of engineered transglycosylases","volume":"43","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, H., Sun, X., Yan, W., Ye, H., Chen, J., Yu, J., Jun, D., Wang, C., Xia, T., and Chen, X. (2020). Genetic relationships and low diversity among the tea-oil Camellia species in Sect. Oleifera, a bulk woody oil crop in China. Front. Plant. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.996731"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Yan, H., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., and Xia, P. (2022). Quality evaluation of the oil of Camellia spp.. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152221"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"204","article-title":"Analysis of aroma components in flowers of three kinds of Camellia by HS-SPME\/GC-MS","volume":"34","author":"Gan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301\u2212308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00119.x","article-title":"Protective effects of sasanquasaponin on injury of endothelial cells induced by anoxia and reoxygenation in vitro","volume":"101","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.11.009","article-title":"Sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera Abel. induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269\u2212275","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.269","article-title":"Medicinal flowers. XXVI. structures of acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, yuchasaponins A, B, C, and D, from the flower buds of Camellia oleifera\u2014Gastroprotective, aldose reductase inhibitory, and radical scavenging effects","volume":"57","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8618\u22128622","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1017115","article-title":"Bioactive saponin from tea seed pomace with inhibitory effects against Rhizoctonia solani","volume":"58","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong, J.F., Peng, Y.R., Bao, G.H., Hou, R.Y., and Wan, X.C. (2016). Two new oleanane-type saponins with anti-proliferative activity from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed cake. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020188"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4261","article-title":"A new triterpene saponin from roots of Camellia oleifera","volume":"50","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899\u22121907","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.44.1899","article-title":"Bioactive saponins and glycosides.V.Acylated polyhydroxyolean-12-ene triterpene oligoglycosides, camelliasaponins A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2, from the seeds of Camellia japonica L.: Structures and inhibitory activity on alcohol absorption","volume":"44","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412\u2212422","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2017.1343822","article-title":"Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel","volume":"20","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Yuan, M., Zheng, Z., and Yin, J. (2023). Anti-Candida albicans effects and mechanisms of theasaponin E1 and assamsaponin A. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119350"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7568","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19067568","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of triterpene saponins from tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel) and their activities against bacteria and fungi","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Li, Z., Zhou, J., Gu, Y., and Tan, X. (2021). Comparative study on fruit development and oil synthesis in two cultivars of Camellia oleifera. BMC Plant Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03114-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, T.M., Yang, S.L., Du, F.Y., Zhao, L., Li, X.H., Xia, T., and Zhang, X.F. (2018). Oleiferasaponin A2, a novel saponin from Camellia oleifera Abel. seeds, inhibits lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells through regulating fatty acid metabolism. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123296"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2014.01.006","article-title":"New triterpene saponins from the seed cake of Camellia oleifera and their cytotoxic activity","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.05.001","article-title":"Novel triterpenoid saponins from residual seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel. show anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells","volume":"104","author":"Zong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368428","article-title":"Cytotoxic triterpenoid glycosides from the roots of Camellia oleifera","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.201400208","article-title":"New triterpenoid glycosides from the roots of Camellia oleifera Abel","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658351","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/658351","article-title":"21-O-Angeloyltheasapogenol E3, a novel triterpenoid saponin from the seeds of tea plants, inhibits macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses in a NF-\u03baB-dependent manner","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2015.08.005","article-title":"Five new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Camellia oleifera C. Abel with cytotoxic activities","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669\u2212676","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2016.1158167","article-title":"Two new 28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene saponins from roots of Camellia oleifera and their cytotoxic activity","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126\u22121133","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.201200333","article-title":"Triterpenoids from the roots of Camellia oleifera C.Abel and their cytotoxic activities","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1113529","article-title":"Two new triterpenoid glycosides from the stems of Camellia oleifera Abel","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800\u2212807","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2015.1004630","article-title":"Two triterpenoid glycosides from the roots of Camellia oleifera and their cytotoxic activity","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, W., Huang, G., Yao, X., Lv, L., Yu, C., and Wang, K. (2022). Untargeted metabolism approach reveals difference of varieties of bud and relation among characteristics of grafting seedlings in Camellia oleifera. Front. Plant. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1024353"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, F., and Tan, X. (2020). Transcriptomic analyses of Camellia oleifera \u2018Huaxin\u2019 leaf reveal candidate genes related to long-term cold stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030846"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Duan, Z., Huo, H., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Jin, L., and Lin, M. (2025). A global overview of transcriptome dynamics during the late stage of flower bud development in Camellia oleifera. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06201-w"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19682","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02690","article-title":"Distribution of and temporal variation in volatiles in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers during the opening stages","volume":"71","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102701","article-title":"Biosynthesis of triterpenoids in plants: Pathways, regulation, and biological functions","volume":"85","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, C., Xu, S., and Guo, X. (2025). Metabolic engineering of terpenoid biosynthesis in medicinal plants: From genomic insights to biotechnological applications. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.0161.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.016","article-title":"Acyltransferases in plants: A good time to be BAHD","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.113.117382","article-title":"Gene coexpression analysis reveals complex metabolism of the monoterpene alcohol linalool in Arabidopsis flowers","volume":"25","author":"Ginglinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcv062","article-title":"P450s and UGTs: Key players in the structural diversity of triterpenoid saponins","volume":"56","author":"Seki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6229-y","article-title":"Potential applications of glycosyltransferases in terpene glucoside production: Impacts on the use of aroma and fragrance","volume":"99","author":"Schwab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np20059g","article-title":"Terpenoid synthase structures: A so far incomplete view of complex catalysis","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100361119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100361119","article-title":"Origin and early evolution of the plant terpene synthase family","volume":"119","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.01.015","article-title":"Molecular activities, biosynthesis and evolution of triterpenoid saponins","volume":"72","author":"Augustin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2025.112920","article-title":"A review of transcriptional control and adaptive functions in terpenoid biosynthesis: Focus on MYB regulatory networks","volume":"364","author":"Guan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"2","article-title":"Contemporary understanding of transcription factor regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants","volume":"259","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planta Int. J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"22","article-title":"Emerging mechanistic insights into the regulation of specialized metabolism in plants","volume":"9","author":"Papon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.121839","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of exogenous biological stimulants to enhance alkaline resistance and alkali stress response of Camellia oleifera","volume":"236","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Song, J., Gao, X., Wang, J., Huang, T., Zeng, M., Zhu, Z., Liu, M., and Wang, Z. (2025). Oil trait and multi-omic analyses reveal the regulatory network of triacylglycerol and fatty acid accumulation in hexaploid Camellia oleifera across different harvesting stages. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-07063-y"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, W.B., Tong, Z.H., Fan, Z.Q., Peng, Z., Zhang, L., Wei, W.L., and Jiang, J.M. (2025). Triterpenoid biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation in horticultural crops. Hortic. Plant J., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2025.07.019"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, T.M., Yang, S.L., Du, F.Y., Zhao, L., Xia, T., and Zhang, X.F. (2017). Cytotoxic and hypoglycemic activity of triterpenoid saponins from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed pomace. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101562"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997\u22122002","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3666","article-title":"Sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera Abel. induces apoptosis via Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 activation in HepG2 cells","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhao, N., Kollie, L., Yang, D., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., and Liang, Z. (2024). Sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera Abel exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in RAW 264.7 cells via inhibition of the NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042149"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S64313","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of the sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera, its photo responsiveness and neuroprotective effects","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, C.J., Yang, Y.Q., Zhao, T.Y., Zou, K.K., Peng, C.Y., Cai, H.M., Wan, X.C., and Hou, R.Y. (2019). Insecticidal activity and insecticidal mechanism of total saponins from Camellia oleifera. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24244518"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03577","article-title":"Structure and activity of the Camellia oleifera sapogenin derivatives on growth and biofilm inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"67","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13731","article-title":"Lethal effects of tea-oil Camellia on honeybee larvae due to pollen toxicity","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10252","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06203","article-title":"Metabolic engineering strategies for sustainable terpenoid flavor and fragrance synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Lin, J., Liu, Z., David, S.D., Liang, D., Nie, S., Ge, M., Xue, Z., Li, W., and Qiao, J. (2024). The recent progress of tricyclic aromadendrene-type sesquiterpenoids: Biological activities and biosynthesis. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091133"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surendran, S., Qassadi, F., Surendran, G., Lilley, D., and Heinrich, M. (2021). Myrcene\u2014What are the potential health benefits of this flavouring and aroma agent?. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.699666"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Du, A.N., Liu, T.Z., Wei, P.H., Zhu, B.R., Chen, K., and Shi, L. (2025). Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Camellia oleifera fruits: A review. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193965"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116134","article-title":"Advances in valorization of Camellia oleifera Abel. seed cake: A review on the bioactive components, health benefits, extraction methods, and potential food applications","volume":"208","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"59","article-title":"Research progress on triterpenoid saponins from Camellia oleifera Abel. and their physiological activities","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Saf. Qual."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"157","article-title":"Review about the patent technology of tea saponin","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agrochemicals"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24312","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02859A","article-title":"Tea saponins: Effective natural surfactants beneficial for soil remediation, from preparation to application","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2022.12.002","article-title":"Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.108877","article-title":"Application of saponins extract from food byproducts for the removal of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables","volume":"136","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139333","article-title":"Widely targeted metabolomic and KEGG analyses of natural deep eutectic solvent-based saponins extraction from Camellia oleifera Abel.: Effects on composition","volume":"450","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"28","article-title":"Study on toxicities of tea saponin medicament to some of the common freshwater fish & shrimp","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Freshw. Fish."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-025-02699-2","article-title":"Advances in the sustainable biosynthesis of valuable terpenoid flavor compounds and precursors in micro-organisms","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2025.103374","article-title":"Advances in the microbial biosynthesis of therapeutic terpenoids","volume":"96","author":"Winegar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:19:17Z","timestamp":1787113157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15162486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15162486","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]}}}