{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:01:32Z","timestamp":1790380892876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) on behalf of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology","award":["4297\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4297\/B3\/DT.03.08\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) on behalf of the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology","award":["42011\/IT3\/HK.07.00-4\/P\/B\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42011\/IT3\/HK.07.00-4\/P\/B\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared secondary-metabolite profiles, IC50-based antiproliferative activity, and relative selectivity of four Indonesian cardamom (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton) accessions: Bogor white, Bogor red, Sukabumi, and Ciamis. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated in MCF-7, MCM-B2, and MCA-B1 tumor-derived cells, with Vero cells as a non-tumor-derived reference and profiled by untargeted LC-MS\/MS. Putatively annotated metabolites were further assessed using chemometrics, terpenoid-focused network pharmacology, molecular docking, and 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation. Extract IC50 values ranged from 0.959 to 2.210 mg mL\u22121 in MCF-7, 0.818 to 2.733 mg mL\u22121 in MCM-B2, and 1.382 to 3.426 mg mL\u22121 in MCA-B1 cells, while Vero values ranged from 2.762 to 4.000 mg mL\u22121. MCF-7 cells generally showed the greatest overall sensitivity, although the lowest individual IC50 occurred with Sukabumi ethyl acetate extract in MCM-B2 cells. Ciamis ethyl acetate extract showed higher relative selectivity toward MCF-7 and MCM-B2 cells. LC-MS\/MS putatively annotated 36 metabolites, with terpenoid-related compounds predominating. Kaur-16-ene was computationally prioritized based on predicted interactions with ESR1, EGFR, SCN5A, and CCND1 and short-timescale ESR1-complex stability. These findings demonstrate accession- and solvent-associated differences and support kaur-16-ene for further experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"2538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Secondary Metabolite Profiling, Antiproliferative Evaluation, and Terpenoid Prioritization of Indonesian Cardamom (Amomum compactum) Accessions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waras","family":"Nurcholis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0867-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamimah Shafwatul","family":"Ishlah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chairunnisa Nur","family":"Amanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmanida","family":"Batubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5225-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Rafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Heryanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mira","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heru Cahya","family":"Rustamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55283, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryo","family":"Tedjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bambang Pontjo","family":"Priosoeryanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3682-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wisnu Ananta","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"School of Data Science, Mathematics, and Informatics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Breast cancer: The good, the bad, and an important call to effective risk reduction strategies","volume":"74","author":"Kaklamani","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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