{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:28:14Z","timestamp":1787632094042,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-03-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-03-20"]}]},{"award":["CARS-03-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-03-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional irrigation practices, characterized by excessive water application, have diminished water use efficiency (WUE) and intensified agricultural water consumption. Optimizing irrigation schedules and moderately reducing water input are therefore essential for enhancing WUE while safeguarding stable yields. Micro-sprinkler irrigation, which integrates the benefits of both drip and sprinkler systems, represents a promising technology with substantial water-saving potential. However, its effects on root development and crop yield remain inadequately investigated. Here, we established three micro-sprinkler irrigation regimes\u2014MS20 (20 mm), MS30 (30 mm), and MS40 (40 mm)\u2014alongside flood irrigation (FI) and rainfed (RF) controls, to systematically assess their impacts on soil water content, root growth traits, dry matter accumulation, yield, and WUE. Compared with FI, MS treatments decreased profile soil water content at jointing but increased it in specific layers during grain filling, albeit to varying extents. MS treatments enhanced total root length density (TRLD) and total root dry weight density (TRDD) relative to FI, with MS20 significantly increasing both parameters in the 20\u2013100 cm soil layer. Moreover, MS20 increased pre-flowering dry matter translocation (PDMT) by 9.69% on average and post-flowering dry matter accumulation (PFDMA) by 15.04% during the 2022\u20132023 season. Yield and WUE under MS treatments exceeded those under FI by 3.46\u20136.53% and 4.42\u201321.21%, respectively. Among the MS treatments, MS20 achieved the highest average WUE. No significant yield or WUE differences were observed between MS20 and MS30, with MS30 producing the numerically maximum average yield. MS40 did not significantly affect yield in 2021\u20132022; however, it substantially reduced both yield and WUE relative to MS20 and MS30 in 2022\u20132023. A comprehensive TOPSIS analysis identified the combination of micro-sprinkler irrigation with total seasonal irrigation amounts of 80 mm or 120 mm as the optimal strategy for winter wheat production in the eastern Henan region of the North China Plain (NCP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Root Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat by Optimizing the Irrigation Amount of Micro-Sprinkler Irrigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingda","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shangqiu 476000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaju","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shangqiu 476000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shangqiu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shangqiu 476000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenjiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoutian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.157","article-title":"Micro-irrigation improves grain yield and resource use efficiency by co-locating the roots and N-fertilizer distribution of winter wheat in the North China Plain","volume":"643","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.108765","article-title":"The impacts of irrigation methods and regimes on the water and nitrogen utilization efficiency in subsoiling wheat fields","volume":"295","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.105736","article-title":"Effects of micro-sprinkling with different irrigation amount on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"76","article-title":"Effects of ridging and plastic film mulching on the water balance of summer maize during its growth period","volume":"39","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effects of drip irrigation amounts on characteristics of moisture and nutrient transfer in soil in the Lycium barbarum field","volume":"28","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"417","article-title":"Adjusting nitrogen application in accordance with soil water availability enhances yield and water use by regulating physiological traits of maize under drip fertigation","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2540\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:16:04Z","timestamp":1787631364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/16\/2540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15162540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15162540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}