{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:19:02Z","timestamp":1787649542841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of Heilongjiang Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Leapfrog Project Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation Innovation Project","award":["CX25JC52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX25JC52"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang Province","award":["ZY04JD05-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY04JD05-003"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Modern Dairy Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation and Extension System"},{"name":"postdoctoral researchers settled in Heilongjiang for the implementation of the research start-up fund project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate how composted agricultural and forestry organic materials function as components of horticultural growing media, a pot experiment was conducted with chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) grown in a cinnamon-soil-based medium. The composted material, produced from chestnut shells, chicken manure, and spent mushroom substrate, was incorporated at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% (v\/v). Water-extractable dissolved organic matter (WE-DOM) was characterized by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), together with the fluorescence index (FI), biological index (BIX), humification index (HIX), and fluorescence regional integration (FRI). Growing-medium physicochemical properties, chrysanthemum traits, and an entropy-weighted comprehensive evaluation were also assessed. Compost amendment increased soil organic matter (SOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, lowered pH, and was associated with improved porosity and water-retention characteristics. FI ranged from 1.810 to 2.371 and exceeded 1.9 at amendment rates of 30\u201335%, suggesting a greater contribution from microbially derived DOM. BIX, HIX, and PV,n\/PIII,n were generally higher in amended treatments than in the control, although their responses were non-monotonic across amendment rates, suggesting greater contributions from recently produced DOM and stronger humification-related fluorescence signals. EEM-PARAFAC resolved five fluorescent components. C1, C2, C3, and C5 were predominantly humic-like, whereas C4 displayed both protein-like and humic-like features. With increasing amendment rate, the relative contributions of C1\u2013C4 generally increased, whereas that of C5 declined, suggesting a shift from the native soil fluorescence profile toward a more complex DOM composition influenced by compost inputs and subsequent biological transformation. Chrysanthemum height, stem diameter, flower number, and biomass were generally more favorable at amendment rates of 30\u201340%. The entropy-weighted evaluation yielded the highest overall response score at 30%, while the 35% treatment also maintained a high score. Considering WE-DOM fluorescence characteristics, growing-medium properties, and plant performance together, a volumetric amendment rate of 30\u201335% represents a relatively favorable range for the tested composted material under the present pot-experiment conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15162541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1787322036000},"page":"2541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Composted Agricultural and Forestry Organic Materials Amendment Rates Alter the Fluorescence Characteristics of WE-DOM and Chrysanthemum Growth in a Soil-Based Growing Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Heilongjiang Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Heilongjiang Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixin","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.04.016","article-title":"Assessment of the Availability of Agricultural Crop Residues in the European Union: Potential and Limitations for Bioenergy Use","volume":"30","author":"Scarlat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.09.023","article-title":"Crop Residues as Soil Amendments and Feedstock for Bioethanol Production","volume":"28","author":"Lal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.05.074","article-title":"Bioconversion of Food Waste to Energy: A Review","volume":"134","author":"Trzcinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2003.08.008","article-title":"Methane Productivity of Manure, Straw and Solid Fractions of Manure","volume":"26","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.11.027","article-title":"Composting of Animal Manures and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment. 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