{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1787635098764,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MinCiencias, the Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation","award":["86978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["86978"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006070","name":"Universidad de los Andes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-2023-158-2701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-2023-158-2701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["INV-2023-158-2701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-2023-158-2701"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mhbdp94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002411","name":"Universidad Icesi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA041375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA041375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002411","name":"Universidad Icesi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA041375-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA041375-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CA041375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA041375"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t54e151","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CA041375-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA041375-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t54e151","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alkaloid biosynthesis is a central topic in plant specialized metabolism because many alkaloids have ecological, pharmacological, and biotechnological relevance. Isoquinoline alkaloids (IAs) and Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are both connected to aromatic amino acid metabolism, but they differ in taxonomic distribution, scaffold-forming chemistry, pathway resolution, and biotechnological development. This review compares the historical and methodological trajectories that have shaped IA and AA pathway elucidation, from compound isolation, radiotracer experiments, and biochemical inference to transcriptomics, metabolomics, functional enzymology, isotope-guided active-tissue identification, regulatory studies, and heterologous pathway reconstruction. In IAs, especially benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, broad genomic and transcriptomic resources have supported candidate gene discovery and functional characterization of several branches, including morphinan, protoberberine, benzophenanthridine, and aporphine-related pathways. In contrast, AA biosynthesis has advanced more recently through function-driven approaches that clarified key steps such as N4OMT-mediated 4\u2032-O-methylation, NBS\/NR-mediated norbelladine formation, CYP96T-dependent regioselective oxidative coupling, and transient reconstruction of major scaffold-forming branches. Remaining gaps include the unresolved enzymatic formation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in AAs and incomplete functional validation across less-studied IA scaffold classes. By integrating biochemical logic, omics-guided discovery, enzyme evolution, tissue specificity, regulation, and synthetic biology, this review identifies priorities for future alkaloid pathway discovery and sustainable production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Isoquinoline Alkaloids: A Perspective on Historical Approaches to Pathway Elucidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mateo","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Natura, Facultad Barberi de Ingenier\u00eda, Dise\u00f1o y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad ICESI, Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime David","family":"Vega-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Microbiol\u00f3gicas (CIMIC), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9, Carrera, 22, Calle 67, Ibagu\u00e9 730002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edison","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas Aplicadas (CBATA), Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y \u00c1reas Comunes, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Antioquia-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola A.","family":"Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Natura, Facultad Barberi de Ingenier\u00eda, Dise\u00f1o y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad ICESI, Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Barrera-Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Natura, Facultad Barberi de Ingenier\u00eda, Dise\u00f1o y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad ICESI, Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5486-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Dise\u00f1o de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2517-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1les Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Dise\u00f1o de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Francisca","family":"Villegas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Microbiol\u00f3gicas (CIMIC), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hoffmann, D. 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