{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:31Z","timestamp":1787635111698,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["NKFIH K138060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K138060"]}]},{"award":["NKFIH K138060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH K138060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015269","name":"Hungarian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3rrk65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["BO\/00145\/23\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00145\/23\/8"]}]},{"award":["BO\/00145\/23\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00145\/23\/8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ks8qq67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Excellence Program of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hungary"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01394d192","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seed transfer guidelines are used in ecological restoration to reduce the maladaptation risk from non-local genotypes. Researchers often examine second-generation populations under uniform conditions to isolate adaptation from environmental responses. However, in outcrossing species, interpreting these traits may be challenging if uncontrolled gene flow and recombination among provenances influence offspring phenotypes. We compared seed germination and seedling traits of the wind-pollinated grass Festuca vaginata, a dominant species of open sand grasslands in Hungary, across seed transfer zones (STZs) and localities. We used a two-generation common garden experiment with uncontrolled gene flow. Our results reveal that under common garden cultivation, the transgenerational stability of population differentiation is traitspecific. While locality effects on germination disappeared in the second generation, phenotypic variation in biomass and leaf length persisted, suggesting that shared environments homogenize germination faster than vegetative traits. As wind-pollinated species often exhibit weak regional genetic structuring, STZs may not capture the primary axis of phenotypic variation in specific traits. While not invalidating the use of STZs, our findings suggest that seed sourcing strategies should, if feasible, consider locality-level variation when using wind-pollinated grasses for species reintroduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trait-Specific Patterns of Phenotypic Differentiation Among Populations After Two Generations of Common-Garden Cultivation in a Wind-Pollinated Grass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilda Meso","family":"Odongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Horticulture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Halassy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Restoration Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotm\u00e1ny u. 2-4, 2163 V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M\u00e1ria","family":"Cserg\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Restoration Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotm\u00e1ny u. 2-4, 2163 V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNEP, and FAO (2021). Becoming #Generation Restoration: Ecosystem Restoration for People, Nature and Climate, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO, SCBD (2024). Delivering Restoration Outcomes for Biodiversity and Human Well-Being, SER. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/6f7e3095-aa51-4340-a443-c5c2b9c71e41."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13560","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13560","article-title":"Upscaling ecological restoration: Toward a new legal principle and protocol on ecological restoration in international law","volume":"30","author":"Cliquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Union (2024, July 15). Regulation (EU) 2024\/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024 on Nature Restoration and Amending Regulation (EU) 2022\/869. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1991\/oj."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12424","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12424","article-title":"Forest and landscape restoration severely constrained by a lack of attention to the quantity and quality of tree seed: Insights from a global survey","volume":"11","author":"Jalonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13554","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13554","article-title":"Factors limiting the availability of native seed for reconstructing Minnesota\u2019s prairies: Stakeholder perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13035","article-title":"International principles and standards for the practice of ecological restoration","volume":"27","author":"Gann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13154","article-title":"Genetic mixing for population management: From genetic rescue to provenancing","volume":"14","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0285.1","article-title":"Generalized provisional seed zones for native plants","volume":"24","author":"Bower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3375\/043.037.0208","article-title":"Comparing provisional seed transfer zone strategies for a commonly seeded grass, Pseudoroegneria spicata","volume":"37","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Areas J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-018-1067-6","article-title":"Mix and match: Regional admixture provenancing strikes a balance among different seed-sourcing strategies for ecological restoration","volume":"20","author":"Bucharova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13150","article-title":"Seed transfer zones based on environmental variables better reflect variability in vegetation than administrative units: Evidence from Hungary","volume":"28","author":"Cevallos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2005.00058.x","article-title":"How local is local? A review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration","volume":"13","author":"McKay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12378","article-title":"What\u2019s the meaning of local? Using molecular markers to define seed transfer zones for ecological restoration in Norway","volume":"9","author":"Elameen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12636","article-title":"Genetic differentiation within multiple common grassland plants supports seed transfer zones for ecological restoration","volume":"54","author":"Durka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12379","article-title":"Can local adaptation research in plants inform selection of native plant materials? An analysis of experimental methodologies","volume":"9","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01842","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1842","article-title":"Adaptive variation, including local adaptation, requires decades to become evident in common gardens","volume":"29","author":"Germino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"774","article-title":"A quantitative survey of local adaptation and fitness trade-offs","volume":"174","author":"Hereford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x","article-title":"Let the concept of trait be functional!","volume":"116","author":"Violle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12645","article-title":"Genetic differentiation and regional adaptation among seed origins used for grassland restoration: Lessons from a multispecies transplant experiment","volume":"54","author":"Bucharova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2007.01246.x","article-title":"Maternal effects and evolution at ecological time-scales","volume":"21","author":"Kruuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0291","article-title":"Completing the cycle: Maternal effects as the missing link in plant life histories","volume":"364","author":"Donohue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leimu, R., and Fischer, M. (2008). A meta-analysis of local adaptation in plants. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004010"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18591","article-title":"Parental environmental effects are common and strong, but unpredictable, in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"237","author":"Latzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13664","article-title":"A synthesis of local adaptation to climate through reciprocal common gardens","volume":"110","author":"Lortie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.001233","article-title":"Maternal effects in plants","volume":"18","author":"Roach","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0238","article-title":"What are maternal effects (and what are they not)?","volume":"364","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankham, R., Ballou, J., Ralls, K., Eldridge, M., Dudash, M., Fenster, C., Lacy, R., and Sunnucks, P. (2017). Genetic Management of Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198783398.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12334","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha49212334","article-title":"Ex situ conservation in botanical gardens\u2014Challenges and scientific potential preserving plant biodiversity","volume":"49","author":"Csontos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2006.01174.x","article-title":"Detecting local adaptation in widespread grassland species\u2014The importance of scale and local plant community","volume":"94","author":"Bischoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14155","article-title":"Evolution during seed production for ecological restoration? A molecular analysis of 19 species finds only minor genomic changes","volume":"59","author":"Conrady","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13858","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity masks range-wide genetic differentiation for vegetative but not reproductive traits in a short-lived plant","volume":"24","author":"Villellas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03120","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3120","article-title":"Evolution in novel environments: Do restored prairie populations experience strong selection?","volume":"101","author":"Magnoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2024.110535","article-title":"Ecosystem restoration with local or broad seed provenancing: Debates and perceptions in science and practice","volume":"293","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12234","article-title":"Will among-population variation in seed traits improve the chance of species persistence under climate change?","volume":"24","author":"Cochrane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144715","article-title":"Germination, postgermination adaptation and species ecological ranges","volume":"41","author":"Donohue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606303113","article-title":"Early life stages contribute strongly to local adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"113","author":"Postma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1905_41294149","article-title":"Does seed trait variability support preliminary seed transfer zones for Hungary?","volume":"19","author":"Cevallos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp035","article-title":"Wind of change: New insights on the ecology and evolution of pollination and mating in wind-pollinated plants","volume":"103","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13199","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.13199","article-title":"The role of drought, disturbance, and seed dispersal in dominance shifts in a temperate grassland","volume":"34","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Haraszthy, L. (2014). Natura 2000 Fajok \u00e9s \u00c9l\u0151helyek Magyarorsz\u00e1gon, Pro V\u00e9rtes K\u00f6zalap\u00edtv\u00e1ny."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Moln\u00e1r, Z., and Botta-Duk\u00e1t, Z. (2008). A Kiskuns\u00e1g Sz\u00e1raz Homoki N\u00f6v\u00e9nyzete, Term\u00e9szetB\u00daV\u00c1R Alap\u00edtv\u00e1ny."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dengler, J., Biurrun, I., Boch, S., Dembicz, I., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, P. (2020). Grasslands of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm: Introduction and synthesis. Encyclopedia of the World\u2019s Biomes, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.12432-7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werger, M.J.A., and van Staalduinen, M.A. (2012). Past trends, present state and future prospects of Hungarian forest-steppes. Eurasian Steppes: Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3886-7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9818-0","article-title":"Drivers of grassland loss in Hungary during the post-socialist transformation (1987\u20131999)","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1127\/phyto\/30\/2000\/385","article-title":"Changes in the composition of sand grasslands along a climatic gradient in Hungary and implications for climate change","volume":"30","author":"Fekete","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytocoenologia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.12929","article-title":"Trait-based approach confirms the importance of propagule limitation and assembly rules in old-field restoration","volume":"27","author":"Halassy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13209","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13209","article-title":"Effect of seed storing duration and sowing year on the seedling establishment of grassland species in xeric environments","volume":"29","author":"Halassy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2022.106824","article-title":"Early sowing is more effective in the long-term for restoring sandy grassland than six years of mowing or carbon amendment","volume":"186","author":"Reis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"45","article-title":"Presentation of the HUSEEDWILD\u2014A seed weight and germination database of the Pannon Seed Bank","volume":"4","author":"Peti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Columella"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"51.\tRBGK (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) Seed Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. Available online: https:\/\/ser-sid.org\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"GlmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12635","article-title":"When to rely on maternal effects and when on phenotypic plasticity?","volume":"69","author":"Kuijper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2005.01015.x","article-title":"Interactions between litter and water availability affect seedling emergence in four familial pairs of floodplain species","volume":"93","author":"Eckstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12655","article-title":"Within- and among-year germination in Sonoran Desert winter annuals: Bet hedging and predictive germination in a variable environment","volume":"19","author":"Gremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148766","article-title":"Transgenerational plasticity is adaptive in the wild","volume":"318","author":"Galloway","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13373","article-title":"Transgenerational effects benefit offspring across diverse environments: A meta-analysis in plants and animals","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06787","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06787","article-title":"Spatial phenotypic variability is higher between island populations than between mainland populations worldwide","volume":"2024","author":"Healy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-018-01138-0","article-title":"Restoration of grasslands using commercially produced seed mixtures: Genetic variation within and among natural and restored populations of three common grassland species","volume":"20","author":"Reisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2008.00454.x","article-title":"The importance of plant provenance and genotypic diversity of seed material used for ecological restoration","volume":"18","author":"Bischoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12258","article-title":"Genetic isolation by environment or distance: Which pattern of gene flow is most common?","volume":"68","author":"Sexton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-022-01504-x","article-title":"Moving beyond landscape resistance: Considerations for the future of connectivity modelling and conservation science","volume":"37","author":"Turnbull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Kocsis, K., Horv\u00e1th, G., Keresztesi, Z., and Nemerk\u00e9nyi, Z. (2018). \u00c9ghajlat. Magyarorsz\u00e1g Nemzeti Atlasza\u2014Term\u00e9szeti K\u00f6rnyezet, MTA CSFK F\u00f6ldrajztudom\u00e1nyi Int\u00e9zet."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2010.00702.x","article-title":"Can an Ecoregion Serve as a Seed Transfer Zone? Evidence from a Common Garden Study with Five Native Species","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Falconer, D.S., and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Longman. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1086\/682405","article-title":"Local adaptation by alleles of small effect","volume":"186","author":"Yeaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17776.x","article-title":"Testing population differentiation in plant species\u2014How important are environmental maternal effects","volume":"119","author":"Bischoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.185","article-title":"Plasticity leaves a phenotypic signature during local adaptation","volume":"4","author":"Radersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09863","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.09863","article-title":"The role of maternal environment and dispersal ability in plants\u2019 transgenerational plasticity","volume":"2023","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3368\/npj.14.3.231","article-title":"Maternal effects on growth and competitive ability in a commonly used restoration species","volume":"14","author":"Espeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nativ. Plants J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13113","article-title":"Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: Friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018)","volume":"28","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"S228","article-title":"Collection and production of native seeds for ecological restoration","volume":"28","author":"Pedrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12223","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12223","article-title":"Where should they come from? Where should they go? Several measures of seed source locality fail to predict plant establishment in early prairie restorations","volume":"4","author":"Pizza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Solut. Evid."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15550","article-title":"Genetic monitoring of translocated plant populations in practice","volume":"29","author":"Hardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915848117","article-title":"Global gene flow releases invasive plants from environmental constraints on genetic diversity","volume":"117","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-012-0425-z","article-title":"Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment","volume":"14","author":"Breed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00002-8","article-title":"Plant ecotypes: Genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration","volume":"18","author":"Hufford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2013.00537.x","article-title":"Adaptive transgenerational plasticity in the perennial Plantago lanceolata","volume":"123","author":"Latzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2000.00789.x","article-title":"Effects of distance and pollen competition on gene flow in the wind-pollinated grass Festuca pratensis Huds","volume":"85","author":"Rognli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02497-7","article-title":"Gene flow and the limits to natural selection","volume":"17","author":"Lenormand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:20:39Z","timestamp":1787631639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}