{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:27:25Z","timestamp":1787632045996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban streets are important heat-exposure environments, yet the relationships of two-dimensional (2D) planar plant morphology and three-dimensional (3D) vegetation structure with land surface temperature (LST) remain insufficiently integrated at a continuous street scale. We analyzed 42,603 street-scale study units in the central urban area of Wuhan, defined at 50 m sampling intervals with a 150 m radius. The 2D variables comprised green-space area (A), mean patch perimeter (P_mean), and perimeter\u2013area ratio (P_A), while the 3D variables comprised green view index (GVI), mean 3D green volume (NV_mean), mean canopy height (CH_mean), and canopy-height variability (CH_sd). Anselin Local Moran\u2019s I identified High\u2013High (HH) and Low\u2013Low (LL) zones; linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), and SHAP characterized linear, nonlinear, and model-based contributions; and buffered spatial cross-validation and spatial resampling evaluated robustness. Under the original random 80\u201320% train\u2013test split, LR\/RF R2 values were 0.2153\/0.4002 for the overall study area, 0.1940\/0.3539 for the HH zone, and 0.0488\/0.4853 for the LL zone. Under five-fold buffered spatial cross-validation, the corresponding pooled out-of-fold R2 values were 0.1940\/0.2237, 0.1427\/0.0965, and \u22120.0942\/\u22120.0231, showing that the RF advantage weakened after spatial separation and did not persist in the HH and LL zones. In the original fitted RF models, A, P_mean, and NV_mean had the largest mean absolute SHAP contributions overall; A, P_A, and P_mean ranked highest in the HH zone; and GVI, CH_sd, and CH_mean ranked highest in the LL zone. Repeated buffered spatial validation showed no stable overall 2D predominance because the median 2D share of 52.1% had a 46.5\u201358.8% percentile range, but it supported stable 2D relative predominance in the HH zone (61.0% [55.5\u201366.7%]) and stable grouped 3D relative predominance in the LL zone (61.9% [52.3\u201370.3%]), despite unstable LL variable-level rankings. SHAP relationships were nonlinear and zone-dependent: A and P_mean showed clearer directional transitions overall and in the HH zone, whereas the LL zone and most 3D variables exhibited multiple directional changes. Spatial-block bootstrap analysis examined 40 full-sample zero-crossing candidates, of which 39 met the predefined stability criteria; these ranges represent model-derived directional transitions rather than ecological thresholds or causal planning standards. The findings demonstrate thermal-context-dependent, model-based associations between 2D and 3D plant morphology and street-scale LST, while emphasizing that model performance and some importance rankings are spatially sensitive and require local validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Street-Scale Nonlinear Associations Between 2D and 3D Plant Morphology and Land Surface Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FAFU-Dal Joint College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104373","article-title":"Urbanization Induced Degradation of Urban Green Space and Its Association to the Land Surface Temperature in a Medium-Class City in India","volume":"90","author":"Basu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. 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