{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:30:26Z","timestamp":1790973026828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is among the most economically important nut crops worldwide. They are increasingly exposed to the environmental constraints associated with climate change, including drought, salinity, nutritional imbalances, and heightened disease pressure. These stressors compromise plant growth, physiological performance, nutrient acquisition, and orchard productivity, highlighting the need for sustainable strategies to enhance crop resilience. This review critically examines the current knowledge on the functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in pistachio production. Evidence indicates that AMF and PGPR contribute to plant performance through multiple complementary mechanisms, including improved nutrient mobilization and uptake, maintenance of ionic homeostasis, enhancement of water-use efficiency, stimulation of antioxidant defenses, modulation of stress-related signaling pathways, and suppression of phytopathogens. AMF primarily enhance phosphorus acquisition, water relations, and soil structural stability, whereas PGPR contribute to nutrient solubilization, biological control, and induction of plant defense responses. Despite promising experimental results, most studies have been conducted under controlled conditions, limiting the translation of microbial inoculation strategies to commercial orchards in the field. We identified the key knowledge gaps and research priorities required to improve the consistency, scalability, and field validation of microbiome-based approaches for sustainable pistachio production under increasingly challenging environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"2575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Pistachio: Implications for Stress Tolerance, Nutrient Acquisition and Disease Suppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Vera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Retamal-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Quilamapu, Chill\u00e1n 3800062, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Tortella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Santoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Chemical Research, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3953-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Schoebitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Barrio Universitario s\/n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Soil and Ecosystem Functions Research Center of Chile (CISFECh), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir-Makhamad, B., Bj\u00f8rn, R., Stark, S., and Spengler, R. 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