{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:25:47Z","timestamp":1787653547817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41201323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41201323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["41201323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41201323"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the unique edible nut species in China, Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances that reduce vegetation residue inputs and soil organic matter accumulation. To investigate the effects of net-harvesting-associated understory management on the soil carbon pool management index (CPMI), soil samples were collected from C. cathayensis plantations subjected to net harvesting for 2, 3, 6, and 7 years, with traditional beating as the control. Long-term net harvesting significantly increased particulate and dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and labile organic carbon (p &lt; 0.05). It also altered soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and microbial co-occurrence network complexity. Soil physical and chemical properties and carbon pools were key drivers of enzyme activities and microbial complexity. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that understory vegetation positively influenced the CPMI (total effect = 0.57), while soil biological processes also contributed to CPMI variation. Overall, net harvesting reduced anthropogenic disturbance, enhanced litter-derived carbon inputs, and promoted soil biological functions, thereby improving the CPMI. These findings provide insights into sustainable soil management and carbon sequestration in C. cathayensis plantations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1787652295000},"page":"2589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Net Harvesting Is Associated with Elevated Soil Carbon Pool Management Index in Chinese Hickory Plantations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Resources (College of Carbon Neutrality), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinglei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administration of Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Resources (College of Carbon Neutrality), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Resources (College of Carbon Neutrality), Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Characteristics of soil organic carbon pools and their influencing factors under different stand types in the plain sandy area","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-022-03290-0","article-title":"A ten-year field experimental proves the neutralization of soil pH in Chinese hickory plantation of southeastern China","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soil Sediments"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107708","article-title":"Nitrogen addition has contrasting effects on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic carbon in a subtropical forest","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2024.106342","article-title":"An evaluation of soil carbon models and their role on finding ways to net-zero carbon in agricultural systems","volume":"246","author":"Studdert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1280-6","article-title":"Mineral protection regulates long-term global preservation of natural organic carbon","volume":"570","author":"Hemingway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144209","article-title":"Forest management practices of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations alter soil organic carbon stability by adjusting microbial characteristics on the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"766","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2024.106348","article-title":"Depth-driven responses of soil organic carbon fractions to orchard cover crops across China: A meta-analysis","volume":"246","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107676","article-title":"Linking the soil carbon pool management index to ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and organic carbon functional groups in abandoned land under climate change","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105094","article-title":"Landslide and aspect effects on artificial soil organic carbon fractions and the carbon pool management index on road-cut slopes in an alpine region","volume":"199","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2024.108207","article-title":"Divergent effects of long-term fertilization on the carbon management index across soil profiles in key Chinese croplands","volume":"243","author":"Mustafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2024.109334","article-title":"Modeling soil organic matter changes under crop diversification strategies and climate change scenarios in the Brazilian Cerrado","volume":"379","author":"Locatelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107384","article-title":"How do acid or alkaline soil environments affect soil organic carbon stocks in a post-abandonment secondary succession process in Mediterranean mountain areas?","volume":"232","author":"Lasanta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-025-02337-8","article-title":"Anthropogenic activities remain dominant for soil organic carbon changes in subtropical plantations","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116501","article-title":"Carbon sequestration potential and fractionation in soils after conversion of cultivated land to hedgerows","volume":"435","author":"Wenzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174125","article-title":"Contributions of soil organic carbon-induced root- and soil properties complexity to water flow in eastern China","volume":"945","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.06.032","article-title":"Driving factors of soil organic carbon fractions over New South Wales, Australia","volume":"353","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2024.109456","article-title":"Legume intercropping improves soil organic carbon stability in drylands: A 7-year experimental validation","volume":"381","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120369","article-title":"Variation in microbial communities and network ecological clusters driven by soil organic carbon in an inshore saline soil amended with hydrochar in Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"264","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"330","article-title":"Characteristics of evapotranspiration components of different plant communitiesin desert steppe and its relationship with environmental factors","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"903","article-title":"Ecological Function Service Value and Quantity of Fruit-Tree Economic Forests in the Semi-Arid Loess Hilly and Gully Region of Central Gansu\u2014A Case Study of the Hulu River Basin","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2023.12.006","article-title":"Effects of under-forest economic activities on soil water repellency, soil hydraulic properties and preferential flow in karst forests","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jterra.2022.02.001","article-title":"Dynamic impact of wheeled skidders on forest soil in felling areas","volume":"101","author":"Grigorev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Terramech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2023.108372","article-title":"Long-term cover cropping improved soil bacterial community and soil multifunctionality in a Carya cathayensis plantation","volume":"347","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2486","article-title":"Changes in soil organic carbon and soil microbial functional diversity of Carya cathayensis plantations under intensive managements","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114011","article-title":"Risk assessment, spatial patterns and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in a typical Chinese hickory plantation region of southeastern China","volume":"360","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108130","article-title":"Short-term toxicity assessment of a triazine herbicide (terbutryn) underestimates the sensitivity of soil microorganisms","volume":"154","author":"Rousk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2024.117109","article-title":"The CAZyme family regulates the changes in soil organic carbon composition during vegetation restoration in the Mu Us desert","volume":"452","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.01.048","article-title":"Soil organic carbon dynamics following natural vegetation restoration: Evidence from stable carbon isotopes (\u03b413C)","volume":"221","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"444","article-title":"Elevational variations in ecological soil C, N, and P stoichiometry among five typical vegetation types in the Qilian mountain","volume":"41","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114696","article-title":"Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: A meta-analysis","volume":"381","author":"Muhammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2023.109155","article-title":"Revegetation promotes soil mineral-associated organic carbon sequestration and soil carbon stability in the Tengger Desert, northern China","volume":"185","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2012.05.015","article-title":"Effects of rice straw and nitrogen fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage in tropical flooded soil planted with rice","volume":"124","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108189","article-title":"Plant- or microbial-derived? A review on the molecular composition of stabilized soil organic matter","volume":"156","author":"Angst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.06.001","article-title":"Evolution of soil organic carbon in a carbonaceous glacial till as an effect of crop and fertility management over 50 years in a field experiment","volume":"283","author":"Kauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-024-01774-y","article-title":"Characteristics of different aged plantations of Ormosia hosiei with regards to soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"780","article-title":"Responses of soil organic carbon and aggregate stability to thinning in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.03.017","article-title":"Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and nutrient dynamics along a revegetation chronosequence in the soils of abandoned land and Robinia pseudoacacia plantation on the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137849","article-title":"The mechanism of soil nitrogen transformation under different biocrusts to warming and reduced precipitation: From microbial functional genes to enzyme activity","volume":"722","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"903","article-title":"Effects of different tillage and straw returning on soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities in sierozem, and maize yield","volume":"44","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.08.024","article-title":"Active microorganisms in soil: Critical review of estimation criteria and approaches","volume":"67","author":"Blagodatskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7707","article-title":"Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage","volume":"6","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e00962","article-title":"Changes in soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community under rice straw return in Northeast China","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108349","article-title":"Long-term excess nitrogen fertilizer increases sensitivity of soil microbial community to seasonal change revealed by ecological network and metagenome analyses","volume":"160","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107521","article-title":"Cropping systems with higher organic carbon promote soil microbial diversity","volume":"319","author":"Bahram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moujahid, L.E., Roux, X.L., Michalet, S., Bellvert, F., Weigelt, A., and Poly, F. (2017). Effect of plant diversity on the diversity of soil organic compounds. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170494"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.11.010","article-title":"Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotroph:Saprotroph ratios of soil fungal communities","volume":"129","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6960","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14414","article-title":"Environmental filtering by pH and soil nutrients drives community assembly in fungi at fine spatial scales","volume":"26","author":"Glassman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14777","article-title":"Increased microbial growth, biomass, and turnover drive soil organic carbon accumulation at higher plant diversity","volume":"26","author":"Prommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz045","article-title":"Climate and litter C\/N ratio constrain soil organic carbon accumulation","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118479","article-title":"Effects of diversity, climate and litter on soil organic carbon storage in subtropical forests","volume":"476","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) (2006). A Framework for International Classification, Correlation and Communication, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effects of simulated precipitation on the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of dominant species in desert steppe","volume":"45","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bao, S.D. (2000). Soil Agrochemical Analysis, China Agriculture Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"625","article-title":"Spatial distribution characteristics of soil hydrolase activities and soil fertility evaluation of Carya cathayensis forests in Lin\u2019an District","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang A&F Univ."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"290","article-title":"Effects of peach tree planting patterns on soil organic carbon fractions and carbon pool management index in southern Yunnan","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(87)90052-6","article-title":"An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C","volume":"19","author":"Vance","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effects of compost sludge addition on soil enzyme activities and kineticcharacteristics in grassland soil of the Loess hilly region","volume":"32","author":"Ai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9951459","article-title":"Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems","volume":"46","author":"Blair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33628-w","article-title":"Spatial variation, health risk assessment and transfer model of heavy metals in a soil-rice system: A case study in the typical production field of Southeastern China","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107059","article-title":"Natural restoration enhances soil multitrophic network complexity and ecosystem functions in the Loess Plateau","volume":"226","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.261","article-title":"Geographic patterns of co-occurrence network topological features for soil microbiota at continental scale in eastern China","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153925","article-title":"Microbial community structure and functional genes drive soil priming effect following afforestation","volume":"825","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105265","article-title":"Spatial correlation of nutrients in a typical soil-hickory system of southeastern China and its implication for site-specific fertilizer application","volume":"217","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:14:19Z","timestamp":1787652859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172589","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}