{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:33:27Z","timestamp":1787672007304,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFD1501504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD1501504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["20240303026NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240303026NC"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province","award":["CXGC2025RCY018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXGC2025RCY018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spring maize production in cool regions of Northeast China is constrained by low temperatures, variable soil moisture, and limited thermal resources. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Dunhua, Jilin Province, China, in 2024 and 2025 to evaluate the growth, physiological performance, grain-filling characteristics, starch accumulation, and yield of six maize hybrids representing early-, medium\u2013early-, and medium-maturing groups under biodegradable film mulching. Soil temperature and moisture content, photosynthetic traits, shoot dry matter accumulation, grain-filling parameters, starch synthase activity, starch content, and grain yield were measured. The medium\u2013early-maturing group maintained higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at the twelve-leaf stage (V12) and milk stage (R3) and accumulated more shoot dry matter at R3. Compared with the early-maturing group, the maximum grain-filling rate (Rmax), kernel weight at the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax), and mean grain-filling rate (Vmean) increased by 10.0%, 12.1%, and 7.2%, respectively; compared with the medium-maturing group, the corresponding increases were 5.4%, 2.8%, and 9.0%, respectively. The medium\u2013early-maturing group also maintained relatively high starch synthase activity and starch accumulation during the middle and late grain-filling stages. Averaged across the two years, grain yield was 20.0% and 9.1% higher than that of the early- and medium-maturing groups, respectively. Overall, the medium\u2013early-maturing group achieved better coordination among canopy photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, grain filling, and starch synthesis and showed better adaptation to the thermal conditions of this agroecological region, where the annual effective accumulated temperature is approximately 2300\u20132400 \u00b0C\u00b7d. Therefore, the medium\u2013early-maturing group may represent a suitable option for achieving high yield under biodegradable film mulching in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"2596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Different Maturity Groups on Photosynthetic Performance, Grain-Filling Dynamics, and Yield of Maize Under Film Mulching in a Cool Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yangming","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanglin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taonan 137100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taonan 137100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taonan 137100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taonan 137100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary, Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taonan 137100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00400-y","article-title":"Climate impacts on global agriculture emerge earlier in new generation of climate and crop models","volume":"2","author":"Ruane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2002.5490","article-title":"Delayed planting effects on flowering and grain maturation of dent corn","volume":"94","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Li, C., Liu, H., Zhou, P., Tao, Z., Wang, P., Meng, Q., and Zhao, M. (2015). The effects of plastic film mulching on maize growth and water use in dry and rainy years in Northeast China. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125781"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, M., Jia, Y., Gu, Y.-J., Han, C.-L., Song, X., Shi, X.-Y., Siddique, K.H.M., Zdruli, P., Zhang, F., and Li, F.-M. (2020). How film mulch increases the corn yield by improving the soil moisture and temperature in the early growing period in a cool, semi-arid area. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081195"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa146","article-title":"An overview of the use of plastic-film mulching in China to increase crop yield and water-use efficiency","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Friedman, S.P., Chen, Z., Zheng, J., and Sun, S. (2022). Dry matter accumulation in maize in response to film mulching and plant density in Northeast China. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111411"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79988-3","article-title":"Modelling adaptation strategies to reduce adverse impacts of climate change on maize cropping system in Northeast China","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.109920","article-title":"Climate suitability determines optimal yielding of dryland maize: A validation on timely sowing as an ancient wisdom","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15565","article-title":"Lengthening of maize maturity time is not a widespread climate change adaptation strategy in the US Midwest","volume":"27","author":"Abendroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Yue, W., Bi, J., Zhang, L., Xu, D., Peng, C., Chen, X., and Wang, S. (2024). Influence of climatic variables on maize grain yield and its components by adjusting the sowing date. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1411009"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025EF005937","DOI":"10.1029\/2025EF005937","article-title":"Increasing accumulated temperature pushed the maize planting limit northwards: Phenomenon analysis and coping strategy","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2024.104166","article-title":"The challenge of chilling injury amid shifting maize planting boundaries: A case study of Northeast China","volume":"222","author":"Guga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(21)63641-9","article-title":"Grain dehydration rate is related to post-silking thermal time and ear characters in different maize hybrids","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Lin, Y., Li, J., Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Guo, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., and Zhang, J. (2025). Grain dehydration and grain-filling characteristics of different maize varieties in Heilongjiang. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15061356"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J., Xu, Y., Zhao, M., Zhan, M., and Cao, C. (2022). Effect of climatic conditions caused by seasons on maize yield, kernel filling and weight in Central China. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081816"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95328-5","article-title":"Responses of maize hybrids with contrasting maturity to planting date in Northeast China","volume":"11","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109693","article-title":"Changing maize hybrids helps adapt to climate change in Northeast China: Revealed by field experiment and crop modelling","volume":"342","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, D., Chen, C., Li, X., Wang, R., Ding, Z., Ma, W., Wang, X., Li, C., Zhao, M., and Li, M. (2022). Adjusting sowing date improves the photosynthetic capacity and grain yield by optimizing temperature condition around flowering of summer maize in the North China Plain. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.934618"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Liu, G., Guo, X., Liu, W., Xue, J., Ming, B., Xie, R., Wang, K., Hou, P., and Li, S. (2022). Quantitative relationship between solar radiation and grain filling parameters of maize. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.906060"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, F., Mi, N., Ming, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., and Zhang, B. (2023). Responses of dry matter accumulation and partitioning to drought and subsequent rewatering at different growth stages of maize in Northeast China. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1110727"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108544","article-title":"Coordinating maize source and sink relationship to achieve yield potential of 22.5 Mg ha\u22121","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, H., Qi, H., Zhao, M., Zhou, W., Wang, X., Gong, X., Jiang, Y., and Li, C. (2022). Characterization of source\u2013sink traits and carbon translocation in maize hybrids under high plant density. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12040961"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, K., Li, L., Xie, J., Liu, Y., Xie, J., Anwar, S., and Fudjoe, S.K. (2022). Nitrogen supply affects yield and grain filling of maize by regulating starch metabolizing enzyme activities and endogenous hormone contents. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.798119"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.E., Zhang, Z., Dong, W., Wang, S., Liu, M., Liu, E., and Mei, X. (2022). Plastic film mulching improved maize yield, water use efficiency, and N use efficiency under dryland farming system in Northeast China. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11131710"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109094","article-title":"Effects of long-term biodegradable film mulching on yield and water productivity of maize in North China Plain","volume":"304","author":"Shangguan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2023.108351","article-title":"Maize yield reduction is more strongly related to soil moisture fluctuation than soil temperature change under biodegradable film vs plastic film mulching in a semi-arid region of northern China","volume":"287","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2023.127060","article-title":"Nitrogen application and soil mulching improve grain yield of rainfed maize by optimizing source-sink relationship and grain filling process on the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"153","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"79","article-title":"The influence of local loosening of the soil on soybean productivity","volume":"86","author":"Pashchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tract. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02001","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202344302001","article-title":"Influence of cultivation technology on the yield of winter wheat","volume":"443","author":"Syromyatnikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2019.12.002","article-title":"Influence of plastic film mulching and planting density on yield, leaf anatomy, and root characteristics of maize on the Loess Plateau","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109105","article-title":"Plastic mulching enhances maize yield and water productivity by improving root characteristics, green leaf area, and photosynthesis for different cultivars in dryland regions","volume":"305","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Ren, B., Zhao, B., Liu, P., and Zhang, J. (2022). Yield of summer maize hybrids with different growth duration determined by light and temperature resource use efficiency from silking to physiological maturity stage. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.992311"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Li, G., Ding, X., Zhang, J., Ren, B., Liu, P., Zhang, S., and Zhao, B. (2022). Response of leaf senescence, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield of summer maize to controlled-release urea-based application depth. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030687"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, L., Gu, X., Li, J., Guo, J., and Lu, D. (2023). Leaf photosynthetic characteristics of waxy maize in response to different degrees of heat stress during grain filling. BMC Plant Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04482-7"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/49.327.1671","article-title":"Modifications in photosystem II photochemistry in senescent leaves of maize plants","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2022.08.006","article-title":"Changes in grain-filling characteristics of single-cross maize hybrids released in China from 1964 to 2014","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30791","article-title":"Maize grain filling characteristics in China: Response to meteorological factors","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109123","article-title":"Maize kernel weight genetic gain is achieved through different mechanisms depending on the hybrid maturity","volume":"303","author":"Gambin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2023.05.008","article-title":"Improving maize growth and development simulation by integrating temperature compensatory effect under plastic film mulching into the AquaCrop model","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crop J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(00)00107-6","article-title":"Response of maize leaf photosynthesis to low temperature during the grain-filling period","volume":"68","author":"Ying","year":"2000","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(07)60116-3","article-title":"Starch accumulation and enzyme activities associated with starch synthesis in maize kernels","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T., Xin, Y., and Liu, P. (2024). Exogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA) Improves the Filling Process of Maize Grains at Different Ear Positions by Promoting Starch Accumulation and Regulating Hormone Levels under High Planting Density. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04755-9"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T., Xin, Y., and Liu, P. (2023). Effects of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) on the Filling Process of Maize Grains Placed at Different Ear Positions under High Planting Density. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12203590"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Li, R., Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., Li, G., Xu, Z., Zhou, Z., Weng, J., Hao, Z., and Zhang, D. (2026). Identification of Transcription Factors Regulating Starch Biosynthesis in Maize through Integrated GWAS and Transcriptomic Analysis. BMC Plant Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-026-08557-z"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2023.108558","article-title":"Ridge-furrow planting with black film mulching increases rainfed summer maize production by improving resources utilization on the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"289","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109260","article-title":"Grain yield and water productivity of maize under deficit irrigation and salt stress: Evidences from field experiment and literatures","volume":"307","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhuang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, D., Li, F., Bian, S., Xu, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., and Zhao, H. (2026). Effects of different biodegradable mulch films on grain filling dynamics and hormone contents in maize grown in a cold region. Agriculture, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture16050614"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Li, F., Zhuang, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhao, H., Bian, S., Wang, H., and Zhao, R. (2023). The effect of drip irrigation quota on biochemical activities and yield-related traits in different drought-tolerant maize varieties. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13091682"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Li, X., Jiang, W., Zhao, M., Gao, Z., Ge, J., Sun, Q., Ding, Z., and Zhou, B. (2023). Integrated management practices for canopy\u2013topsoil improves the grain yield of maize with high planting density. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12102000"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., Zhang, Y., Lv, G., Yu, Y., Hao, Y., Jiang, Y., Han, L., Pang, H., Jiao, F., and Qian, C. (2025). A high amount of straw pellets returning delays maize leaf senescence, improves dry matter accumulation and distribution, and yield increase in Northeast China. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15030711"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:13:19Z","timestamp":1787670799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}