{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:28Z","timestamp":1787980708825,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2025-02-4184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2025-02-4184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOK-2018-09-5066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2018-09-5066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IP-2025-02-4184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2025-02-4184"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DOK-2018-09-5066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2018-09-5066"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["09-207\/1-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09-207\/1-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["09-207\/1-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09-207\/1-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the hydrochemical linkage between rainwater and stream water in an Aleppo pine-dominated Mediterranean karst catchment in Croatia during 2020\u20132022, focusing on ion sources, seasonal patterns, and processes governing the transformation of atmospheric inputs into stream-water chemistry. Rainwater reflected mixed atmospheric inputs, with sea-salt fractions accounting for 94.8% of Cl\u2212 and 97.9% of Mg2+, whereas 97.5% of Ca2+ and 79.2% of K+ originated from non-sea-salt sources. Stream water was substantially more alkaline and mineralised, with a higher pH (8.23 vs. 6.53), electrical conductivity (327 vs. 19.63 \u00b5S cm\u22121) and Ca2+ concentrations (65.08 vs. 6.22 mg L\u22121). These differences reflect carbonate weathering during subsurface flow, whereby the dissolution of calcite and dolomite releases Ca2+ and Mg2+, increases alkalinity and buffering capacity, and results in approximately tenfold-higher stream-water Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. Seasonal variability was evident, with ion enrichment during low-flow conditions and dilution during wetter periods. Limited synchronous hydrochemical correspondence between rainwater and stream water indicates that atmospheric inputs are modified during catchment transport. Overall, atmospheric deposition provides the initial hydrochemical signal, whereas carbonate weathering, hydrological flow paths, and seasonal biogeochemical processes are the predominant controls on stream-water chemistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1787817747000},"page":"2611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atmospheric and Geogenic Controls of Rainwater and Stream-Water Chemistry in an Aleppo-Pine-Dominated Mediterranean Karst Catchment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3739-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukrecija","family":"Butorac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Limi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucija","family":"Lovre\u0161kov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute of Public Health, Borongajska cesta 83 g, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8654-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Ver\u0161i\u0107 Bratin\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8423-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Jeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Jakovljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno Naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49730-9","article-title":"Comparing Remote Sensing Methods for Monitoring Karst Rocky Desertification at Sub-Pixel Scales in a Highly Heterogeneous Karst Region","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166240","article-title":"Assessing the Persistence, Mobility and Toxicity of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Croatian Karst Springs Used for Drinking Water Supply","volume":"903","author":"Selak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3677-8","article-title":"Karst hydrogeology\/hydrology of dinaric chain and isles","volume":"74","author":"Bonacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glu\u0161\u010di\u0107, V., \u017du\u017eul, S., Pehnec, G., Jakovljevi\u0107, I., Smoljo, I., Godec, R., Be\u0161li\u0107, I., Milinkovi\u0107, A., Alempijevi\u0107, S.B., and Frka, S. (2023). Sources, Ionic Composition and Acidic Properties of Bulk and Wet Atmospheric Deposition in the Eastern Middle Adriatic Region. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070551"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroj, A., Bri\u0161ki, M., and O\u0161tri\u0107, M. (2020). Study of Groundwater Flow Properties in a Karst System by Coupled Analysis of Diverse Environmental Tracers and Discharge Dynamics. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092442"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Earle, S. (2021). Environmental Geology, Thompson Rivers University. Available online: https:\/\/environmental-geol.pressbooks.tru.ca\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Yi, X., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhan, J. (2026). Atmospheric Deposition of Multi-Class Substances into the Ocean: Synthesis of Fluxes, Seasonal Spatial Patterns and Ecological Risks. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse14050483"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Michel, A. (2020). Forest Condition in Europe: The 2020 Assessment. ICP Forests Technical Report Under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Air Convention) 2020, Th\u00fcnen Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.icp-forests.org\/pdf\/ICPForests_TR2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119723","article-title":"Atmospheric deposition patterns in bulk open field precipitation and throughfall in Aleppo pine forest and black pine forest on the eastern Adriatic coast","volume":"262","author":"Butorac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137177","article-title":"Variability of Air Pollutants, and PM Composition and Sources at a Regional Background Site in the Balearic Islands: Review of Western Mediterranean Phenomenology from a 3-Year Study","volume":"717","author":"Cerro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-019-0234-9","article-title":"Assessing the neutralization, wet deposition and source contributions of the precipitation chemistry over Europe during 2000\u20132019","volume":"31","author":"Keresztesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD06p06647","article-title":"Sea-salt Corrections and Interpretation of Constituent Ratios in Marine Precipitation","volume":"91","author":"Keene","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.12.016","article-title":"Chemical composition of precipitation during 1984\u20132002 at Pune, India","volume":"38","author":"Safai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07478-9","article-title":"The risk of cross-border pollution and the influence of regional climate on the rainwater chemistry in the Southern Carpathians, Romania","volume":"27","author":"Keresztesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlik, M.M., and Ficek, D. (2023). Spatial Distribution of Pine Pollen Grains Concentrations as a Source of Biologically Active Substances in Surface Waters of the Southern Baltic Sea. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15050978"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-023-01082-3","article-title":"Effects of Tree Pollen on Throughfall Element Fluxes in European Forests","volume":"165","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugnone, F., D\u2019Alessandro, W., Parello, F., Brusca, L., Saiano, F., Li Vigni, L., Sprovieri, M., and Calabrese, S. (2023). Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily\u2013Italy)\u2014Part B: Trace Elements. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14040737"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Drever, J.I. (1988). The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appelo, C.A.J., and Postma, D. (2005). Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, Balkema. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833544"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, D.C., and Williams, P. (2007). Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118684986"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniquiz-Redillas, M., Robles, M.E., Cruz, G., Reyes, N.J., and Kim, L.-H. (2022). First Flush Stormwater Runoff in Urban Catchments: A Bibliometric and Comprehensive Review. Hydrology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology9040063"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Loborec, J. (2013). Procjena rizika od one\u010di\u0161\u0107enja podzemnih voda u kr\u0161u na podru\u010dju sliva izvora Jadra i \u017drnovnice. [Doctoral Dissertation, Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Zagrebu, Rudarsko-geolo\u0161ko-naftni fakultet]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068","article-title":"Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems\u2013Atmosphere interactions","volume":"43","author":"Fowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2024). Air Pollution in Europe: 2024 Reporting Status Under the National Emission Reduction Commitments Directive, European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakovljevi\u0107, T., Marchetto, A., Lovre\u0161kov, L., Poto\u010di\u0107, N., Seletkovi\u0107, I., Indir, K., Jeli\u0107, G., Butorac, L., Zgrabli\u0107, \u017d., and De Marco, A. (2019). Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition and Vitality Indicators in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11236805"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gundersen, C.B., Velasco, M.T., Velle, G., Rogora, M., Hawley, K.L., F\u00f6lster, J., and de Wit, H. (2026, March 15). ICP Waters Programme Manual. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250\/3178113."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulloa-Cedamanos, F., Probst, A., Dos-Santos, V., Camboulive, T., Granouillac, F., and Probst, J.-L. (2021). Stream Hydrochemical Response to Flood Events in a Multi-Lithological Karstic Catchment from the Pyrenees Mountains (SW France). Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13131818"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadaki, C., Lagogiannis, S., and Dimitriou, E. (2023). Preliminary Analysis of the Water Quality Status in an Urban Mediterranean River. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116698"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4154\/gc.2024.10","article-title":"Hydrochemical Characterization of a Dinaric Karst Catchment in Relation to Emerging Organic Contaminants","volume":"77","author":"Selak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00291-5","article-title":"Relationship between the acidity and chemical composition of rainwater and climatological conditions along a transition zone between large deserts and Mediterranean climate, Israel","volume":"34","author":"Herut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.11.018","article-title":"Hydrologic and geochemical modeling of a karstic Mediterranean watershed","volume":"477","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Stevanovi\u0107, Z., Kre\u0161i\u0107, N., and Kukuri\u0107, N. (2016). Delineation of the Plitvice Lakes karst catchment area, Croatia. Karst Without Boundaries, CRC Press\/Balkema. International Association of Hydrogeologists\u2014Selected Papers."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10498-018-9346-x","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical Processes in a Small Eastern Mediterranean Karst Watershed (Nahr Ibrahim, Lebanon)","volume":"24","author":"Hanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldini, K., Cukrov, N., Pikelj, K., Mati\u0107, N., and Mlakar, M. (2023). Geochemistry of Metals and Organic Matter in Water and Sediments of the Karst River Cetina, Croatia. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15071429"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"205","article-title":"Hydrogeological Characteristic of the Jadro and \u017drnovnica Catchment","volume":"5","author":"Kapelj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tusculum \u010casopis Za Solin. Teme"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3962.1088","article-title":"Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry","volume":"170","author":"Gibbs","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1379","article-title":"Global analysis of river systems: From Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes","volume":"358","author":"Meybeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Analysis of ground water pollution hazard in karst: A case study of Jadro and \u017drnovnica catchment area","volume":"67","author":"Loborec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gra\u0111evinar"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060","article-title":"A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus","volume":"93","author":"Vet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-3349-2024","article-title":"Sea Salt Reactivity over the Northwest Atlantic: An In-Depth Look Using the Airborne ACTIVATE Dataset","volume":"24","author":"Edwards","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2025.102431","article-title":"Source Apportionment of Major Ions and Trace Elements in the Atmospheric Deposition of Palermo (Sicily, Italy)","volume":"16","author":"Brugnone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25263","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02088","article-title":"Chlorine Loss from Marine Aerosol in a Coastal Atmosphere","volume":"103","author":"Pio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119365","article-title":"A Review of Atmospheric Aging of Sea Spray Aerosols: Potential Factors Affecting Chloride Depletion","volume":"290","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139202","article-title":"Chemical composition of rainwater under two events of aerosol transport: A Saharan dust outbreak and wildfires","volume":"734","author":"Oduber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-4083-2024","article-title":"Sharp Increase in Saharan Dust Intrusions over the Western Euro-Mediterranean in February\u2013March 2020\u20132022 and Associated Atmospheric Circulation","volume":"24","author":"Barriopedro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8049","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-8049-2024","article-title":"Diverging Trends in Aerosol Sulfate and Nitrate Measured in the Remote North Atlantic in Barbados Are Attributed to Clean Air Policies, African Smoke, and Anthropogenic Emissions","volume":"24","author":"Gaston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J.H., and Pandis, S.N. (2016). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002565","article-title":"Precipitation Chemistry at a Rural Mediterranean Site: Between Anthropogenic Pollution and Natural Emissions","volume":"108","author":"Avila","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.15177\/seefor.21-15","article-title":"Nitrogen Deposition in Different Mediterranean Forest Types along the Eastern Adriatic Coast","volume":"12","author":"Butorac","year":"2021","journal-title":"South-East Eur. For."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01347-3","article-title":"Streamwater Responses to Reduced Nitrogen Deposition at Four Small Upland Catchments in Norway","volume":"49","author":"Kaste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-181-2009","article-title":"Nitrate Retention and Removal in Mediterranean Streams Bordered by Contrasting Land Uses: A 15N Tracer Study","volume":"6","author":"Riera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-020-04750-7","article-title":"Nitrate uptake and carbon exudation\u2013do plant roots stimulate or inhibit denitrification?","volume":"459","author":"Rummel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.05.002","article-title":"Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment","volume":"32","author":"Camargo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., and Han, G. (2020). Rainwater Chemistry Reveals Air Pollution in a Karst Forest: Temporal Variations, Source Apportionment, and Implications for the Forest. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11121315"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammoumi, D., Al-Aizari, H.S., Alaraidh, I.A., Okla, M.K., Assal, M.E., Al-Aizari, A.R., Moshab, M.S., Chakiri, S., and Bejjaji, Z. (2024). Seasonal Variations and Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA): A Case Study. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135644"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169370","article-title":"Routine Stream Monitoring Data Enables the Unravelling of Hydrological Pathways and Transfers of Agricultural Contaminants through Catchments","volume":"912","author":"Stenger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121308","article-title":"Subsurface Hydrological Connectivity Controls Nitrate Export Flux in a Hilly Catchment","volume":"253","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6437","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-6437-2021","article-title":"Bending of the concentration discharge relationship can inform about in-stream nitrate removal","volume":"25","author":"Dehaspe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119616","article-title":"Source Availability and Hydrological Connectivity Determined Nitrate-Discharge Relationships during Rainfall Events in Karst Catchment as Revealed by High-Frequency Nitrate Sensing","volume":"231","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Lee, H., and Romero, J. (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0299-2","article-title":"Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean","volume":"8","author":"Cramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-018-1290-1","article-title":"The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming","volume":"18","author":"Lionello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18720","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.18720","article-title":"Chemical signature of Saharan dust on dry and wet atmospheric deposition in the south-western Mediterranean region","volume":"65","author":"Reche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.08.010","article-title":"Temperature and CO2 dependency of global carbonate weathering fluxes\u2014Implications for future carbonate weathering research","volume":"527","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-18-55-2021","article-title":"Deepening roots can enhance carbonate weathering by amplifying CO2-rich recharge","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-024-02809-8","article-title":"Comparison of methods to calculate groundwater recharge for karst aquifers under a Mediterranean climate","volume":"32","author":"Hepach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Durbe\u0161i\u0107, A., and Fuerst-Bjeli\u0161, B. (2012). GIS modelling of karst landscape change. 20th International Karstological School \u201cClassical Karst\": Karst Forms and Processes, Institut za raziskovanje krasa."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ani\u0107, I. (2020). Erozija tla na slivnom podru\u010dju rijeka Jadro i \u017drnovnica nakon \u0161umskih po\u017eara. Gospodarenje \u0161umama u uvjetima klimatskih promjena i prirodnih nepogoda, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti.","DOI":"10.21857\/yq32oh2vw9"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Butorac, L. (2011). Uloga i zna\u010daj \u0161umske vegetacije na kr\u0161u u za\u0161titi tla od erozije. [Doctoral Dissertation, \u0160umarski fakultet]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Seletkovi\u0107, Z., Tikvi\u0107, I., Vu\u010deti\u0107, M., and Ugarkovi\u0107, D. (2011). Klimatska obilje\u017eja i vegetacija sredozemne Hrvatske. \u0160ume hrvatskoga sredozemlja, Akademija \u0161umarskih znanosti."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Clarke, N., \u017dlindra, D., Ulrich, E., Mosello, R., Derome, J., Derome, K., K\u00f6nig, N., L\u00f6vblad, G., Draaijers, G.P.J., and Hansen, K. (2016). Part XIV: Sampling and Analysis of Deposition, Th\u00fcnen Institute of Forest Ecosystems."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.017","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Changing Atmospheric Pollution on Throughfall, Bulk Deposition and Streamwaters in a Mediterranean Forest","volume":"544","author":"Aguillaume","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1988.tb00106.x","article-title":"The biogeochemical cycling of formic and acetic acids through the troposphere: An overview of current understanding","volume":"40B","author":"Keene","year":"1988","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"TIBCO Software Inc. (2017). TIBCO Statistica, Version 12, TIBCO Software Inc."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:37:02Z","timestamp":1787978222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}}}