{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:23:57Z","timestamp":1787822637080,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Development Foundation, Turkiye","award":["020260070270526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020260070270526"]}]},{"award":["020260070270526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020260070270526"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0468j1635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ruscus hypoglossum L. is an evergreen ornamental species valued as cut foliage, but its commercial production is constrained by slow vegetative propagation and limited availability of uniform planting material. This study aimed to develop an efficient in vitro propagation protocol for R. hypoglossum by evaluating the effects of different cytokinins and spermidine on shoot organogenesis and subsequent rooting. Thidiazuron (TDZ), zeatin, kinetin, and spermidine were applied at 0.5 and 1.0 mg L\u22121 to rhizome explants derived from in vitro-grown seedlings. Explant length, shoot and cladode number, fresh weight, shoot diameter, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoid content, SPAD value, and rooting performance were assessed. Significant treatment effects were observed for most traits. Kinetin at 1.0 mg L\u22121 produced the highest shoot proliferation (4.66 shoots explant\u22121), cladode number (12.00 explant\u22121), fresh weight (0.31 g), chlorophyll a (0.72 mg g\u22121 FW), chlorophyll b (0.29 mg g\u22121 FW), and SPAD value (40.25). Spermidine at 1.0 mg L\u22121 resulted in the highest carotenoid content (0.59 mg g\u22121 FW) and promoted greater explant elongation, whereas TDZ at 1.0 mg L\u22121 reduced cladode formation and pigment accumulation. Multivariate analyses consistently identified kinetin as the most favorable treatment during multiplication. Shoots regenerated with 1.0 mg L\u22121 kinetin also showed the highest rooting response following a 10 s pulse treatment with 2.0 mg L\u22121 IBA and transfer to hormone-free half-strength MS medium. Overall, kinetin was the most effective treatment under the conditions tested, providing a practical basis for efficient clonal propagation and ex situ conservation of R. hypoglossum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1787821235000},"page":"2615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effects of Cytokinins and Spermidine on In Vitro Organogenesis of Ruscus hypoglossum L. and Rooting of Regenerated Shoots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim Halil","family":"Hatipo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53300 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00dcmm\u00fc \u00d6zg\u00fcl","family":"Karag\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53300 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darras, A.I. 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