{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:16:19Z","timestamp":1788066979828,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["252300421964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300421964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["242300420061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal pollution impacts on soil microorganisms are of growing concern. This study employed high-throughput sequencing and qPCR to investigate rhizosphere microbial communities and functional genes responses in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under cadmium (Cd) stress. Results showed dose-dependent shifts in microbial diversity, metabolic pathways and functional gene abundance. The relative abundances of bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia and genera Cellvibrio and Algoriphagus increased with Cd levels, suggesting roles in Cd adaptation. The classes Actinobacteria, Saccharimonadia, and Acidimicrobiia and the genera Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas decreased. The fungal genera Acremonium, unclassified Hypocreales, Cladosporium and Paramyrothecium increased under high Cd, while Albifimbria, Fusarium, and Ramichloridium decreased. Differential adaptive strategies to Cd toxicity were observed between bacterial and fungal phyla. Redundancy analysis identified pH, EC, TN, and Cd as key determinants of microbial variation. FAPROTAX prediction revealed significant changes in dominant functional groups involved in nutrient cycling, and FunGuild analysis indicated increased saprophytic fungi with elevating Cd levels, potentially enhancing detoxification. Functional genes related to nitrogen and carbon cycling also varied with Cd gradients. This study systematically elucidated the response of rhizosphere soil microbial communities and functional gene abundance to Cd stress, providing mechanistic insights for developing ryegrass tolerance strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Adaptive Responses of Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Functional Genes to Cadmium Stress in Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bingjian","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Agriculture Water and Soil Environmental Field Research Station of Xinxiang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Erping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Agriculture Water and Soil Environmental Field Research Station of Xinxiang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Hydrological Monitoring Center, Nanchang 330002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3880-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Agriculture Water and Soil Environmental Field Research Station of Xinxiang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High-Efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Re-Sources, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9769-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuncheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"},{"name":"Agriculture Water and Soil Environmental Field Research Station of Xinxiang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.06.091","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of the Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on 1,2-dichloroethane Biodegradation in Co-contaminated Soil under Aerobic Condition","volume":"85","author":"Olaniran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1021\/es5047099","article-title":"Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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