{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:15:14Z","timestamp":1788146114820,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003718","name":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSN2512030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSN2512030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KSN2512030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSN2512030"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005rpmt10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003715","name":"Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KGM1052612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1052612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KGM1052612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGM1052612"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ep23f07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) remains an important respiratory pathogen, and medicinal plants continue to provide chemically diverse sources for antiviral research. Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa have both been used under the traditional name \u2018Sokdan\u2019 despite their distinct botanical origins and phytochemical compositions. This study comparatively characterized their chemical profiles and in vitro responses to IAV and used network pharmacology as an exploratory approach to identify candidate pathways for subsequent mechanistic studies. Methods: Ethanolic extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity in MDCK cells, cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction against IAV A\/PR\/8\/34 (H1N1), and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition. LC-QTOF-MS was used for qualitative chemical profiling, and species-specific compound sets were subjected to target prediction, protein\u2013protein interaction analysis, and pathway enrichment. Results:\u00a0D. asperoides was non-cytotoxic up to 100 \u00b5g\/mL and P. umbrosa up to 300 \u00b5g\/mL under the tested conditions. Both extracts produced modest CPE reduction, reaching maximum inhibition of 21.8 \u00b1 1.4% at 100 \u00b5g\/mL for D. asperoides and 17.1 \u00b1 6.1% at 200 \u00b5g\/mL for P. umbrosa, whereas zanamivir (5 \u00b5M) produced 76.2 \u00b1 0.8% inhibition. NA inhibition was limited for both extracts. LC-QTOF-MS identified twelve constituents with distinct species-associated detection patterns, including phenylpropanoids, iridoid glycosides, and triterpenoid saponins. Exploratory network analysis identified partially overlapping predicted hubs, including MAPK1\/3, RELA, IL-6, TNF, and CASP3, together with additional species-specific nodes. Conclusions: Despite clearly different phytochemical profiles, the two Sokdan species showed a shared pattern of modest in vitro antiviral response. The network pharmacology results should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than mechanistic confirmation and suggest candidate host-response pathways that can guide targeted follow-up experiments. These findings support phytochemical differentiation of the two species while providing a comparative framework for future investigation of their antiviral properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"2649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Phytochemical and Antiviral Characteristics of Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa Against Influenza A Virus: LC-QTOF-MS Profiling and Exploratory Network Pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6808-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Mok","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sungyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Seon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Hye","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inkyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinseok","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Animal medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316","article-title":"The pathology of influenza virus infections","volume":"3","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118","article-title":"The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Petrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050740","article-title":"Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza","volume":"353","author":"Moscona","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.01.006","article-title":"Baloxavir marboxil: The new influenza drug on the market","volume":"35","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musarra-Pizzo, M., Pennisi, R., Ben-Amor, I., Mandalari, G., and Sciortino, M.T. (2021). Antiviral activity exerted by natural products against human viruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050828"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2026, August 18). Dipsacus asperoides C.Y.Cheng & T.M.Ai. Plants of the World Online; Treated as a Synonym of Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:905963-1."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2026, August 18). Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. Plants of the World Online; Treated as a Synonym of Phlomoides umbrosa (Turcz.) Kamelin & Makhm. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:454101-1."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, N.-R., Lee, A.Y., Park, G., Ko, J.-W., Kim, J.-C., Shin, I.-S., and Kim, J.-S. (2019). Therapeutic effect of Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai in ovalbumin-induced murine model of asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081855"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J.-H., Seo, Y.-S., Kim, Y., Jeong, S., Yang, S., Choi, G., Kim, J.-S., and Park, I. (2025). Integrative study of Dipsaci Radix and Phlomidis Radix: Nomenclature, morphology, DNA-based authentication, and comparative effects on osteoclastogenesis. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091418"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun, J.M., Lee, A.Y., Nam, J.Y., Lim, K.S., Choe, M.S., Lee, M.Y., Kim, C., and Kim, J.-S. (2021). Effects of Dipsacus asperoides extract on monosodium iodoacetate\u2013induced osteoarthritis in rats based on gene expression profiling. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.615157"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun, J.M., Lee, A.Y., Moon, B.C., Choi, G., and Kim, J.-S. (2021). Effects of Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa extracts in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102030"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800229005","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin","volume":"19","author":"Viljoen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.118","article-title":"Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery","volume":"4","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2013.00110","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine network pharmacology: Theory, methodology and application","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00745-5","article-title":"A novel microbial and hepatic biotransformation-integrated network pharmacology strategy explores the therapeutic mechanisms of bioactive herbal products in neurological diseases: The effects of Astragaloside IV on intracerebral hemorrhage as an example","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (2014). Korean Medicinal Materials, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588840","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2588840","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid mitigates acute respiratory distress syndrome via inhibition of the PI3K\/AKT signalling pathway: An integrated analysis of bioinformatics and validation experiments","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45723","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45723","article-title":"Antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza A (H1N1\/H3N2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Huang, K., Zhang, R.J., Mei, D., and Zhang, B. (2020). Isochlorogenic acid a attenuates the progression of liver fibrosis through regulating HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00582"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113660","article-title":"Discovery of anti-flu substances and mechanism of Shuang-Huang-Lian water extract based on serum pharmaco-chemistry and network pharmacology","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Xiao, C., Su, D., Li, L., Yang, C., Zhao, Z., Jiang, W., You, Z., and Zhou, T. (2022). Akebia saponin D protects hippocampal neurogenesis from microglia-mediated inflammation and ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in mice through the PI3K-Akt pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.927419"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J.-F., Zhou, H., and Lio, C.-K. (2022). Akebia saponin D inhibits the inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the IL-6-STAT3-DNMT3b Axis and activating the Nrf2 pathway. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196236"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.059","article-title":"Akebia saponin PA induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in AGS human gastric cancer cells","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00204-4","article-title":"Antinociceptive mechanisms of Dipsacus saponin C administered intrathecally in mice","volume":"71","author":"Suh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00052-3","article-title":"Antinociceptive mechanisms of dipsacus saponin C administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse","volume":"27","author":"Suh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, X., Tao, J., Qian, Y., Feng, F., Hu, X., Xu, T., Jin, H., Ruan, H., Zheng, H.-F., and Tong, P. (2022). Morroniside ameliorates inflammatory skeletal muscle atrophy via inhibiting canonical and non-canonical NF-\u03baB and regulating protein synthesis\/degradation. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1056460"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.07.047","article-title":"Morroniside prevents H2O2 or A\u03b21\u201342-induced apoptosis via attenuating JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation","volume":"834","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1423","article-title":"3, 5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid protects H9C2 cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via activation of the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"62","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.007","article-title":"Sweroside eradicated leukemia cells and attenuated pathogenic processes in mice by inducing apoptosis","volume":"95","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Taine, E.G., Meng, D., Cui, T., and Tan, W. (2024). Chlorogenic acid: A systematic review on the biological functions, mechanistic actions, and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070924"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547108","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5547108","article-title":"Isochlorogenic acid C restrains Erk\/JNK\/NF-\u03baB signaling to alleviate inflammatory response and promote cell apoptosis","volume":"2023","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110585","article-title":"Loganic acid protects against ulcerative colitis by inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB mediated inflammation and activating the SIRT1\/Nrf2 anti-oxidant responses in-vitro and in-vivo","volume":"122","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02082-06","article-title":"Influenza A virus NS1 protein activates the PI3K\/Akt pathway to mediate antiapoptotic signaling responses","volume":"81","author":"Ehrhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.09.003","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and antiviral properties of isochlorogenic acid A from Laggera alata against hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"144","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Liu, L., and Gao, Y. (2023). Analyzing the material basis of anti-RSV efficacy of lonicerae japonicae flos based on the PK-PD model. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186437"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiq, M., Xie, Z., Hameed, S., Xiao, H., Luo, Y., Chen, K., Yang, J., Hu, L., Guo, M., and Cheng, C. (2026). Polyphenolic compounds in Glycyrrhiza spp.: A potential weapon against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1686787"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxaf056","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf056","article-title":"Plant extracts as a source of antiviral agents against influenza A virus","volume":"136","author":"Arumugam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12730","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01427-07","article-title":"SH3 binding motif 1 in influenza A virus NS1 protein is essential for PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway activation","volume":"81","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0283RC","article-title":"NS1 protein of influenza A virus inhibits the function of intracytoplasmic pathogen sensor, RIG-I","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734099305631240930054417","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of Centipeda minima in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on network pharmacology","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Comput.-Aided Drug Des."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:02:03Z","timestamp":1788145323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}}}