{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:17:58Z","timestamp":1788153478850,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014141","name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"WildBioAdapt\u2014Wild Plant Species in the Function of Adaptation of Agriculture and Tourism to Climate Change","award":["KK.05.1.1.02.0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.05.1.1.02.0030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DOK-2021-02-5148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2021-02-5148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DOK-2020-01-2958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2020-01-2958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DOK-2021-02-5148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2021-02-5148"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DOK-2020-01-2958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2020-01-2958"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an aromatic species of culinary and medicinal value, but the metabolic basis of its drought response and the extent of variation among wild populations remain poorly characterized. We investigated eleven wild fennel accessions from the Mediterranean region of Croatia under control and drought conditions, combining morphological measurements with targeted profiling of 78 primary and 55 secondary metabolites. Drought significantly reduced biomass, leaf area, length, and width, while leaf dry matter content increased. Primary metabolism shifted markedly: amino acids accumulated, with asparagine and arginine increasing by over 20-fold, whereas TCA-cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) organic acids declined. Pathway analysis identified Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism as most strongly affected by drought treatment. A decline in the GSH\/GSSG ratio indicated oxidative stress under water shortage. Among secondary metabolites, free hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoid aglycones accumulated while most glycosylated flavonoids declined, and eight compounds showed genotype-dependent responses in drought conditions. These results reveal accession-specific metabolic adjustments to drought and characterize Croatian wild fennel as a genetic resource with distinct phytochemical profiles relevant to future conservation and breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"2652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ancient Herb, Modern Metabolomics: Primary and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Wild Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Accessions Under Drought"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Batel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Hugues 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4922-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Hugues 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"An\u0111elini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Hugues 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"I\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. 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Hugues 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0350-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smiljana","family":"Goreta Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Hugues 8, 52440 Pore\u010d, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842674","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/842674","article-title":"Foeniculum Vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology","volume":"2014","author":"Badgujar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magon, G., Palumbo, F., and Barcaccia, G. (2025). Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Fennel. 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