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This study evaluated foliar CD application (0\u2013200 mg\u00b7L\u22121) to uncover dose\u2013response patterns and metabolic drivers. CDs exerted a concentration-dependent impact, with 100 mg\u00b7L\u22121 yielding optimal results. This application markedly boosted shoot and root biomass (fresh weight: 103.43% and 44.28%; dry weight: 56.03% and 40.39%) and enhanced specific leaf area by 52.51% over the control. CDs improved photosynthetic efficiency (elevated Pn, Gs, and E values, alongside increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids) and strengthened antioxidant defenses (enhanced leaf POD\/SOD and root POD\/CAT activities). Despite mild MDA increases indicating oxidative stress, accumulated proline and soluble sugars in roots suggested adaptive osmotic adjustment. These findings suggest that CDs maintain physiological homeostasis by modulating antioxidant defense and osmotic adjustment. Untargeted metabolomics identified 2440 metabolites. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were the most prominently enriched pathways based on KEGG enrichment results. K-means and correlation analyses revealed key metabolites linked to cotton biomass. Overall, CDs facilitate cotton development through synergistic physiological and metabolic reprogramming, underscoring their potential as innovative agricultural growth regulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"2659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose-Dependent Effects and Metabolomic Analysis of Foliar-Applied Carbon Dots on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuehan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Eryang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2382-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanghui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-025-05009-4","article-title":"The National Plant Germplasm System Cotton Collection\u2014A Review of Germplasm Resources, Phenotypic Characterization, and Genomic Variation","volume":"138","author":"Hinze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theor. 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