{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:20:33Z","timestamp":1788326433446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anusandhan National Research Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ffdsr55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State University Research Excellence","award":["SUR\/2022\/005216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUR\/2022\/005216"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and SPD-RUSA","award":["RUSA 2.0 scheme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RUSA 2.0 scheme"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rising atmospheric CO2 is altering carbon\u2013nitrogen interactions in C3 crops, with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) showing enhanced carbon assimilation but frequently reduced nitrogen acquisition and assimilation. Nitrate reductase (NR), the rate-limiting enzyme in nitrate reduction, plays a central role by integrating nitrate assimilation with carbon metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. This review summarizes current knowledge of NR regulation in tomato under elevated CO2 (eCO2), focusing on post-translational mechanisms and their contribution to photosynthetic acclimation. Elevated CO2 modulates NR activity through interconnected changes in photorespiration, carbohydrate-mediated feedback, redox regulation, source\u2013sink dynamics, and nitrogen availability. While eCO2 generally suppresses leaf nitrate assimilation by reducing photorespiratory support, root-zone CO2 enrichment can transiently stimulate root NR activity, highlighting tissue-specific regulation. Multi-omics studies further demonstrate extensive metabolic and molecular reprogramming affecting carbon skeleton supply, amino acid biosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. In addition, NR-dependent NO production links nitrogen metabolism with stomatal regulation through ABA-independent H2O2\u2013NO signaling. Despite these advances, the roles of NR phosphorylation, 14-3-3 protein interactions, and redox-mediated regulation under eCO2 remain poorly understood. Overall, NR functions as a key metabolic and signaling hub coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolism under future climate conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms will facilitate strategies to improve nitrogen-use efficiency, sustain photosynthesis, and enhance tomato productivity under elevated atmospheric CO2 while identifying priorities for future physiological, molecular, and multi-omics research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1788155756000},"page":"2663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-Translational Control of Nitrate Reductase Under Elevated CO2 in Solanum lycopersicum: Carbon\u2013Nitrogen Signaling and Photosynthetic Acclimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7471-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukesh","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13040","article-title":"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration inhibits nitrate assimilation in shoots but enhances it in roots of C3 plants","volume":"168","author":"Bloom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. 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