{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:56Z","timestamp":1788844256543,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2604901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2604901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023YFC2604901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2604901"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) is a noxious weed widely distributed across North America and increasingly invasive in other regions. Its strong environmental adaptability, complex defense strategies, and distinctive reproductive traits make it an important model for studying plant\u2013herbivore coevolution. However, the absence of high-quality genomic resources has limited deeper investigation into its adaptive evolutionary mechanisms. In this study, we generated a chromosome-level reference genome assembly for S. carolinense using an integrated approach combining PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing, Illumina second-generation sequencing, and Hi-C chromatin interaction scaffolding. The final genome assembly had a total length of 915.40 Mb, with a contig N50 of 51.06 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 73.17 Mb; 96.05% of the sequences were successfully anchored onto 12 pseudochromosomes. The genome was characterized by a high proportion of repetitive sequences (73.64%) and substantial heterozygosity (1.13%), consistent with a highly repetitive and moderately high heterozygous genome. BUSCO analysis indicated that the chromosome-level genome assembly of S. carolinense reached a completeness score of 94.8%. A total of 32,206 protein-coding genes were annotated, of which 97.95% received functional annotations. The evaluation of the annotated protein-coding gene set returned a completeness value of 94.9%. This reference genome provides a valuable resource for advancing research on the adaptive evolution of weedy Solanaceae species, supports the development of more effective management strategies for this troublesome species, and offers a technical reference for assembling other highly heterozygous weed genomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Solanum carolinense"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6097-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyue","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Customs Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8575-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weimin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weed Research Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Customs Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinggan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Customs Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5555-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing iFlashDx Biotechnology Limited, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing iFlashDx Biotechnology Limited, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-023-10036-3","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of the multiple-herbivore community of Horsenettle, and evidence for evolutionary responses in host-plant resistance","volume":"18","author":"Wise","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthropod-Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Prediction of suitable distribution areas of Solanum carolinense in China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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