{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:18:12Z","timestamp":1788362292060,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007403","name":"National Agency for Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QK21010200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QK21010200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["QK21010200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QK21010200"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051rtqg79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Repeated drought\u2013rehydration episodes expose perennial fruit trees to alternating stress and recovery phases, while treatment-level averages can obscure genotype-specific response strategies. We evaluated seven biochemical markers in fourteen apple (Malusdomestica Borkh.) genotypes during two consecutive drought\u2013rehydration cycles: proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolics, total flavonoids, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX). Both drought cycles increased all measured markers, with the strongest overall response at the end of the second drought cycle (T6). Relative to the control, mean values at T6 increased by 272.4% for proline, 136.4% for MDA, 45.3% for total phenolics, 76.5% for total flavonoids, 109.1% for SOD, 89.0% for CAT, and 117.5% for POX. Genotype-specific log2(Stress\/Control) profiles at the first (T2) and second (T6) drought maxima revealed contrasting combinations of osmotic adjustment, oxidative damage, antioxidant-enzyme activity, and secondary-metabolite accumulation. B11 combined comparatively low MDA induction with strong antioxidant-enzyme responses, whereas HL1282 and HL1579 showed lower proline and MDA induction together with stronger phenolic, flavonoid, and selected enzyme responses. In contrast, \u2018Idared\u2019 showed strong proline and MDA induction. The first two principal components explained 75.1% of the total variance. Overall, the results identify distinct genotype-specific biochemical response strategies and show that coordinated marker profiles provide substantially more information than individual biomarkers or treatment averages alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"2701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotype-Specific Biochemical Responses of Apple Trees to Repeated Drought\u2013Rehydration Cycles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3880-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"R\u00fdgl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Hnili\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Dr\u00edmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Tajovsk\u00e9ho 40, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4235-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Benick\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Tajovsk\u00e9ho 40, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Ku\u010d\u00edrkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"\u0160ur\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Tajovsk\u00e9ho 40, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7345-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavol","family":"Suran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Holovousy 129, 50801 Ho\u0159ice v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55251-2","article-title":"Assessing the impact of global climate changes on irrigated wheat yields and water requirements in a semi-arid environment of Morocco","volume":"9","author":"Bouras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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