{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T05:12:14Z","timestamp":1788671534136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007288","name":"Mahasarakham University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0453j3c58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curcuma lampangensis, a critically endangered species endemic to Thailand, has been successfully propagated in vitro; however, its phytochemical profile and biological activities remain uncharacterized. This study compared eight ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the aerial and belowground tissues of wild and in vitro-derived plants. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities, and tyrosinase-inhibitory activity were evaluated alongside chemical profiling by HPLC-DAD, targeted LC\u2013MS\/MS, and GC\u2013MS. The ethyl acetate extract of wild belowground tissues showed the highest TPC (5.21 mg GAE\/g DW), while the ethyl acetate extract of in vitro-derived aerial tissues exhibited the highest TFC (1.59 mg QE\/g DW) and ABTS activity (63.11%). The ethanol extract of wild belowground tissues showed the strongest DPPH activity (70.48%), and the ethyl acetate extract of in vitro-derived belowground tissues demonstrated the greatest tyrosinase inhibition (52.12%). HPLC and LC\u2013MS\/MS revealed a diverse phenolic and flavonoid profile, with p-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin consistently detected across all extracts, while ferulic and caffeic acids were widely distributed. GC\u2013MS tentatively identified ethyl palmitate, linoleic acid ethyl ester, and ethyl oleate as predominant constituents. These findings demonstrate that in vitro-derived biomass retains appreciable phytochemical and biological properties, supporting its use as a renewable, conservation-compatible material for further characterization and bioactivity-guided research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1788524446000},"page":"2713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant and Tyrosinase-Inhibitory Activities of Wild and In Vitro-Derived Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi &amp; Rakarcha"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anchalee","family":"Phoothonrat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Piyaporn","family":"Saensouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surapon","family":"Saensouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"},{"name":"Diversity of Family Zingiberaceae and Vascular Plant for Its Applications Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sarayut","family":"Rakarcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirikit Botanic Garden, The Botanical Garden Organization, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suthira","family":"Maneechai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saensouk, P., Saensouk, S., Maknoi, C., Song, D., and Boonma, T. (2025). Curcuma nivea (Zingiberaceae), a new compact species with horticultural potential from Eastern Thailand. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11080908"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960428620000049","article-title":"Curcuma cinnabarina and C. eburnea (Zingiberaceae: Zingiberoideae), two new species from Thailand","volume":"77","author":"Soonthornkalump","year":"2020","journal-title":"Edinb. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Q.Q., Xu, X.Y., Cao, S.Y., Gan, R.Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., and Li, H.B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060185"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plana, L., Marhuenda, J., Arcusa, R., Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, A.M., Ballester, P., Cerd\u00e1, B., Victoria-Montesinos, D., and Zafrilla, P. (2025). Characterization, Antioxidant Capacity, and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Different Pharmaceutical Formulations. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070873"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587214563731","article-title":"Anticancer potential and mechanism of action of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) supercritical CO2 extract in human glioblastoma cells","volume":"20","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2024.102027","article-title":"Bioevaluation, pharmacokinetics and molecular docking study of terpenoid-rich rhizome essential oil of Zingiber officinale","volume":"37","author":"Nayak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.84961","article-title":"An evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from Curcuma longa L.","volume":"43","author":"Liju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosoky, N.S., and Setzer, W.N. (2018). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Curcuma species. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091196"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133728","article-title":"Extraction of curcuminoids and ar-turmerone from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) and application as HDES-based microemulsions","volume":"396","author":"Kongpol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., and Nordin, R. (2022). A comprehensive review on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in relation to its major active constituent curcumin. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.820806"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d230910","article-title":"Curcuma lampangensis and C. sabhasrii, two new species of the family Zingiberaceae from northern Thailand","volume":"23","author":"Rakarcha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phoothonrat, A., Saensouk, S., Rakarcha, S., Maneechai, S., and Saensouk, P. (2026). In vitro propagation of Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi & Rakarcha, a critically endangered species from northern Thailand. Horticulturae, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae12060731"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.114401","article-title":"Phytochemical fidelity and therapeutic activity of micropropagated Curcuma amada Roxb.: A valuable medicinal herb","volume":"176","author":"Behera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9573","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061658k","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plants derived from in vitro micropropagation and conventional greenhouse cultivation","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/09731296221145066","article-title":"Comparative phytochemical profiling (GC\u2013MS and HPLC) and evaluation of antioxidant activities of wild, in vitro-cultured, and greenhouse plants of Kaempferia grandifolia Saensouk & Jenjitt. and Kaempferia siamensis Sirirugsa: Rare plant species in Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Nonthalee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saensouk, S., Benjamin, S., Chumroenphat, T., and Saensouk, P. (2024). In vitro propagation, evaluation of antioxidant activities, and phytochemical profiling of wild and in vitro-cultured plants of Curcuma larsenii Maknoi & Jenjitikul\u2014A rare plant species in Thailand. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10111181"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saensouk, S., Sonthongphithak, P., Chumroenphat, T., Nonthalee, S., Phrommalee, P., Muangsan, N., Keokene, T., and Saensouk, P. (2025). In Vitro Regeneration, Acclimatization, Phytochemical Profiling, and Antioxidant Properties of Hong Hoen Sirirugsa (Globba sirirugsae Saensouk & P.Saensouk). Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14223544"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athipornchai, A., Niyomtham, N., Pabuprapap, W., Ajavakom, V., Duca, M., Azoulay, S., and Suksamrarn, A. (2021). Potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity of curcuminoid analogues and inhibition kinetics studies. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8020035"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.016","article-title":"Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition properties of leaves and rhizomes of ginger species","volume":"109","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14606","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14606","article-title":"Novel ethyl p-methoxycinnamate-rich Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oil and its pharmacological applications: Special emphasis on anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, \u03b1-amylase inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies","volume":"11","author":"Begum","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring anti-tyrosinase and photoprotective activities of Curcuma heyneana (Val.) and Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oils: In vitro and in silico approaches","volume":"24","author":"Suryani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prospect. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0057","article-title":"Purity evaluation of curcuminoids in the turmeric extract obtained by accelerated solvent extraction","volume":"100","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2020.12.23","article-title":"Evaluation of free radical scavenging activities and phytochemical screening of Curcuma longa extracts","volume":"12","author":"Maithilikarpagaselvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepahpour, S., Selamat, J., Abdul Manap, M.Y., Khatib, A., and Abdull Razis, A.F. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Quantitative Characterization of Some Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbs and Spices in Different Solvent Extraction Systems. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020402"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"193","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Curcuma amada Roxb.: An important medicinal plant","volume":"20","author":"Sutar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"39","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the leaves and rhizomes of Etlingera philippinensis (Zingiberaceae)","volume":"7","author":"Mabini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120314","article-title":"Belowground herbivory and plant defenses","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.20.00433","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites as defenses, regulators, and primary metabolites: The blurred functional trichotomy","volume":"184","author":"Erb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_185_23","article-title":"Optimized solvents for the maceration of phenolic antioxidants from Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome using a simplex centroid design","volume":"15","author":"Nurcholis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.24190\/ISSN2564-615X\/2017\/04.11","article-title":"Phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of methanolic extracts of selected Zingiberaceae taxa from Peren District, Nagaland, Northeast India","volume":"1","author":"Jamir","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroBiotech J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i5.3609","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of rhizome extracts of Curcuma amada Roxb. and Curcuma caesia Roxb.","volume":"9","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2025.l886","article-title":"The phenolic and flavonoid content and biological activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza fractions with different solvent polarities","volume":"12","author":"Haroen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saensouk, S., Sonthongphithak, P., Chumroenphat, T., Muangsan, N., Souladeth, P., and Saensouk, P. (2025). In Vitro Multiplication, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemical Profiling of Wild and In Vitro-Cultured Plants of Kaempferia larsenii Sirirugsa\u2014A Rare Plant Species in Thailand. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11030281"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627752","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6627752","article-title":"Skin-Related Properties and Constituents from the Aerial Parts Extract of Persicaria senticosa","volume":"2020","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2021.2014832","article-title":"Flavonoids as tyrosinase inhibitors in in silico and in vitro models: Basic framework of SAR using a statistical modelling approach","volume":"37","author":"Jakimiuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.010","article-title":"Quercetin as a tyrosinase inhibitor: Inhibitory activity, conformational change and mechanism","volume":"100","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128121","article-title":"Changes in curcuminoids and chemical components of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under freeze-drying and low-temperature drying methods","volume":"339","author":"Chumroenphat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.37134\/jsml.vol11.1.3.2023","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of Zingiber zerumbet growing in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Preshahdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Math. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical profiling of locally grown Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes using GC\u2013MS and biological activities","volume":"3","author":"Ilmiah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N. (2024). Plant cell and tissue culture: Propagation, improvement, and conservation of medicinal plants. Biosynthesis of Natural Products in Plants: Bioengineering in Post-Genomics Era, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2166-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105003","article-title":"Micro-titer plate assay for measurement of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in medicinal plant extracts","volume":"16","author":"Sari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113190","article-title":"Effects of processing technologies on the antioxidant properties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris) proteins and their hydrolysates","volume":"172","author":"Lopes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.08.025","article-title":"Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibiofilm activities of synthesized peptides derived from Vicia faba protein hydrolysate: A powerful agents in cosmetic application","volume":"109","author":"Karkouch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.115","article-title":"Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Different Fruit Fractions (Peel, Pulp, Aril and Seed) of Thai Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)","volume":"127","author":"Kubola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myrtsi, E.D., Koulocheri, S.D., Iliopoulos, V., and Haroutounian, S.A. (2021). High-Throughput Quantification of 32 Bioactive Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Grapes, Wines and Vinification Byproducts by LC\u2013MS\/MS. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081174"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:21:14Z","timestamp":1788668474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/17\/2713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15172713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15172713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}