{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:14:36Z","timestamp":1788542076670,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HAAFS Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Project","award":["2026KJCXZX-GZS-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026KJCXZX-GZS-2"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-06-15.5-B5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-06-15.5-B5"]}]},{"award":["CARS-06-15.5-B5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-06-15.5-B5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Modern Agriculture Research System of Hebei Province","award":["HBCT2024070201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024070201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While previous reviews have largely focused on individual crops or single target-site mechanisms, the full-chain comparative landscape across major cereal crops remains unexplored. Here, we fill this critical gap by providing the first systematic, cross-crop comparative review that spans herbicide targets, resistance mechanisms, and breeding applications across four major cereals\u2014rice, maize, wheat, and sorghum. Weed infestation is a serious constraint on crop production. Chemical weed control faces challenges such as herbicide resistance evolution and ecological risks. Developing herbicide-resistant varieties is a fundamental approach to achieve green and sustainable weed management. This review systematically summarizes research progress on herbicide resistance genes from three aspects: herbicide classification, resistance mechanisms, and crop breeding applications. It highlights key differences among four major cereal crops (rice, maize, wheat, and sorghum) in resistance-gene discovery and translational progress. Rice has the richest target-site resistance-gene resources. Maize leads in commercialization of transgenic herbicide resistance. Wheat focuses on endogenous precise editing due to genome complexity and regulatory constraints. Sorghum relies on specific mutations to serve cereal\u2013legume intercropping systems. Based on this comparison, this review identifies the core trends in resistance breeding: from single-gene to multi-gene stacking, and from exogenous gene introduction to endogenous gene editing. It also points out common bottlenecks, including insufficient systematic mining of resistance-gene resources, lagging elucidation of non-target-site resistance regulatory networks, and strong genotype dependence in genetic transformation. Future efforts should focus on exploring broad-spectrum resistance genes, optimizing precise editing technologies, and developing sustainable resistance management strategies. This review provides a theoretical framework and practical references for molecular breeding of herbicide-resistant crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"2718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Herbicide Resistance Genes in Crops: Mechanisms, Progress, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"},{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Sorghum Transformation and Genome Editing, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"},{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Sorghum Transformation and Genome Editing, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5979-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Sorghum Transformation and Genome Editing, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"},{"name":"Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"},{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Sorghum Transformation and Genome Editing, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740180701","article-title":"Persistence of herbicides in soil","volume":"18","author":"Furmidge","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. 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