{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:12:06Z","timestamp":1788775926676,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi","award":["2026GXNSFBA00640389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026GXNSFBA00640389"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guangxi","award":["GK ZY24212031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK ZY24212031"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Qihuang Scholars Training Program","award":["GXQH202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXQH202402"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["GZSY2025006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZSY2025006"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration Self-raised Funds Scientific Research Project","award":["GXZYA20240006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXZYA20240006"]}]},{"name":"Nanning Science Research and Technology Development Plan Project","award":["20243046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20243046"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement","award":["KL2025ZZ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2025ZZ03"]}]},{"name":"Youth Qihuang scholars training program of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants","award":["202404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the flowering time of Amomum villosum Lour., a medicinal plant within the Zingiberaceae family, is currently lacking. In modern plants, the florigen activation complex (FAC), which includes PEBP, FD\/bZIP, and GRF proteins, is known to regulate flowering. In this study, we identified 13 PEBP, 5 FD, and 19 GRF genes within the A. villosum genome and conducted phylogenetic, structural and promoter analysis. Notably, cross-species protein\u2013protein interaction predictions and yeast two-hybrid assays uncovered an unexpected interaction pattern: an AREB3-like FD protein (AvFD5) and a GRF protein (AvGRF13) directly interact with specific PEBP members, whereas canonical FD-like proteins (AvFD1 and AvFD4) did not, which contrasts with the classical rice FAC model (Hd3a-14-3-3-OsFD1). These results imply that FAC assembly in A. villosum may involve alternative components or regulatory mechanisms, potentially indicating lineage-specific divergence within monocots. This research represents the first systematic characterization of FAC core gene families in A. villosum and Zingiberaceae, laying the groundwork for understanding flowering time regulation and facilitating future molecular breeding efforts in this economically significant plant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-Wide Characterization of PEBP, FD, and GRF Families in Amomum villosum Lour. and Their Potential Roles in Flowering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6395-9129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi 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