{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:12:15Z","timestamp":1788775935270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015397","name":"Key Research and Development and Achievement Transformation Projects in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026YFHH0122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YFHH0122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32560479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U25A20671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32560479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560479"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U25A20671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20671"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011811","name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR250104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR250104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BR250104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR250104"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015d0jq83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinity restricts sugar beet growth and productivity, creating a need for effective agronomic approaches to improve plant performance under salt-affected conditions. However, the comparative responses of sugar beet to different foliar-applied exogenous substances under controlled NaCl stress and field saline\u2013alkali conditions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivar \u2018HI0479\u2019 was used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of PAA@Mn3O4 nanoparticles (PMO), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A pot experiment was first conducted under controlled NaCl stress to identify concentrations for subsequent field evaluation, followed by a one-season field experiment under non-saline\u2013alkali and saline\u2013alkali soil conditions. Based on the overall responses of growth and physiological traits, 100 mg L\u22121 PMO, 100 mg L\u22121 MeJA, and 1000 mg L\u22121 GABA were selected for field evaluation. Under the imposed NaCl treatment, these foliar treatments improved growth and physiological performance and were associated with changes in photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA content, osmolyte accumulation, and selected growth-related hormone levels. Under saline\u2013alkali field conditions, PMO, MeJA, and GABA increased storage-root yield by 13.59%, 12.69%, and 12.37%, respectively, compared with the control. Although estimated storage-root sugar concentration decreased, the corresponding estimated sugar yields increased by 10.77%, 9.79%, and 7.41%, respectively. These results show that the three foliar treatments produced favorable growth- and yield-related responses under the experimental conditions evaluated while also revealing a trade-off between storage-root yield and estimated storage-root sugar concentration. The findings provide a basis for further agronomic evaluation of foliar PMO, MeJA, and GABA in sugar beet grown under salt-affected conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15172729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Foliar-Applied PAA@Mn3O4 Nanoparticles, Methyl Jasmonate, and \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid on Growth and Yield Performance of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Under Salt-Affected Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5434-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guansen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12772","article-title":"Soil salinity: A global threat to sustainable development","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.17221\/110\/2026-PSE","article-title":"Co-inoculation of a halotolerant Bacillus strain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for improving plant growth in saline soils","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80328-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the microbial community in various saline alkaline-soils driven by soil factors of the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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