{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:11:24Z","timestamp":1788876684298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seed germination induces profound physiological and metabolic changes that promote the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive metabolites in cereal grains. However, the combined effects of germination time and temperature on these responses in black rice (Oryza sativa L.) remain poorly understood. This study investigated how controlled germination modulates the accumulation of GABA (\u03b3-aminobutyric acid) and phenolic metabolites and identified optimal conditions for obtaining bioactive-rich water-soluble extracts. A central composite design was applied by varying germination time (24\u201396 h) and temperature (14\u201332 \u00b0C). Germinated flours and their corresponding water-soluble extracts were analyzed for GABA, total soluble phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Response surface methodology, desirability analysis, principal component analysis, heatmap, and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to characterize metabolic responses and optimize germination conditions. Germination significantly altered metabolite accumulation, with higher GABA levels observed at lower temperatures, whereas phenolic metabolites showed distinct responses to the interaction between time and temperature. Multivariate analyses revealed clear metabolic differentiation among germination treatments. Multi-response optimization identified 27 h and 19.7 \u00b0C as the optimal germination conditions. These findings demonstrate that controlled germination modulates the bioactive profile of black rice, enhancing phytochemical accumulation and supporting the production of bioactive-rich water-soluble extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"2748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Germination Time and Temperature Modulate Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Optimize Functional Water-Soluble Extract Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Larissa Karla","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Integrado de Cereais e Lip\u00eddeos (LICEL), Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lara Tatiane Geremias Ferreira","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Agron\u00f4mica, Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Araras Dr. Edmundo Ulson, Araras 13603-112, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Lavado-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Andressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3780-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia Ane Raquel","family":"Sehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Superior do Oeste, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos e Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Pinhalzinho 89870-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Wickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Experimental de Itaja\u00ed, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria e Extens\u00e3o Rural de Santa Catarina (EPAGRI), Itaja\u00ed 88318-112, 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