{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:10:39Z","timestamp":1788966639347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behavior associated with cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress remain important experimental targets for neuropharmacological screening. Mentha spicata essential oil (MEO, 150 or 300 \u00b5L\/L) was administered daily by immersion from experimental day 1 through day 22; the first behavioral assessment occurred after 7 days of pre-exposure. Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate (SCO, 100 \u00b5M) was administered for 30 min before each behavioral assessment and again before euthanasia, whereas galantamine (GAL, 1 mg\/L) was administered 30 min before each SCO challenge. Behavior was evaluated using the novel tank diving test (NTT), novel approach test (NAT), Y-maze, and novel object recognition test (NOR). Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage were assessed. GC-MS identified a carvone-rich profile dominated by carvone (67.8%), limonene (10.6%), and 1,8-cineole (4.2%). MEO attenuated several SCO-associated behavioral and biochemical changes. The 150 \u00b5L\/L concentration showed the most consistent memory-related improvement, whereas 300 \u00b5L\/L also reduced selected oxidative markers but was associated with reduced exploratory activity in some tasks. Treatment-adjusted behavior\u2013biomarker analyses were considered exploratory; only the inverse association between malondialdehyde (MDA) and the NTT top\/bottom ratio remained significant after false-discovery-rate correction. In silico descriptors were treated as hypothesis-generating and do not demonstrate zebrafish brain exposure. These findings support further investigation of carvone-rich MEO within a rescue\/protection framework, with confirmation in independently replicated exposure tanks and inclusion of MEO-only controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1788962568000},"page":"2763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic Administration of Carvone-Rich Mentha spicata L. Essential Oil Attenuates Cognitive Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3103-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Brinza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Biology and Ecology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, \u201cLucian Blaga\u201d University of Sibiu, Doctor. Ion Ratiu Street No. 5\u20137, 550012 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2602-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan Stefan","family":"Boiangiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Eyup","family":"Bagci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, F\u0131rat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Todirascu-Ciornea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6981-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Hritcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.09.027","article-title":"Quercetin and Rutin Prevent Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Zebrafish","volume":"217","author":"Richetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. 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