{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:10:09Z","timestamp":1789031409856,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2024BBF01013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BBF01013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving pesticide application efficiency in dense pepper canopies requires optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operational parameters based on both droplet deposition and pest control performance. This study evaluated the effects of flight height and nominal droplet size setting on canopy deposition characteristics and pest control efficacy using a DJI T60 plant protection UAV under field conditions. Three flight heights (2, 3, and 4 m) and five nominal droplet size settings (100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 \u00b5m) were investigated. Droplet coverage, deposition density, canopy penetration rate, deposition uniformity, and corrected control efficacy were used as evaluation indicators, and TOPSIS was applied for comprehensive parameter optimization. The results showed that both flight height and nominal droplet size setting exert a certain influence on droplet deposition characteristics and pest control efficacy. Under the specific conditions tested in this study, the 3 m flight height achieved favorable overall deposition performance, while the 250 \u00b5m nominal setting exhibited the highest effective coverage among the tested droplet size treatments. Pest control efficacy showed a consistent trend with droplet deposition performance, and the 3 m + 250 \u00b5m nominal setting combination achieved the highest corrected control efficacy at 7 DAT. According to the TOPSIS evaluation, the combination of 3 m flight height and 250 \u00b5m nominal droplet size setting achieved the best overall performance under the experimental conditions. Because actual airborne droplet size spectra were not independently measured, the recommendation refers to the tested operational setting rather than a measured droplet size population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"2772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of UAV Spraying Parameters for Pepper Pest Control Based on Droplet Deposition Characteristics and Multi-Indicator Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"Sub-Center of National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"Sub-Center of National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changfeng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"Sub-Center of National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guobin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"Sub-Center of National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"},{"name":"Sub-Center of National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, 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